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wrought cobalt-based superalloys
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Published: 01 March 2002
Fig. 14.4 Microstructure of solution treated Haynes 188 wrought cobalt-base superalloy before and after exposure at 871 °C (1600 °F). (a) Before. (b) After 6244 h exposure. Etched in HCl + H 2 O 2 , 500×
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Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.emea.t52240563
EISBN: 978-1-62708-251-8
... Abstract Superalloys are nickel, iron-nickel, and cobalt-base alloys designed for high-temperature applications, generally above 540 deg C. This chapter covers the metallurgy, composition, and properties of cast and wrought superalloys. It provides information on melting, heat treating...
Abstract
Superalloys are nickel, iron-nickel, and cobalt-base alloys designed for high-temperature applications, generally above 540 deg C. This chapter covers the metallurgy, composition, and properties of cast and wrought superalloys. It provides information on melting, heat treating, and secondary fabrication processes. It also covers coating technology, including aluminide diffusion and overlay coatings, and addresses the advantages and disadvantages of superalloys in various applications.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 March 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.stg2.t61280323
EISBN: 978-1-62708-267-9
... by the metal and time at temperature. Nickel-base and cobalt-base superalloys generally have incipient melting temperatures above about 2150 °F (1175 °C). Table 14.1 gives some melting and γ′ solvus temperatures for a few wrought superalloys. Table 14.2 gives similar limited information on cast...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the failure of superalloy components in high-temperature applications where they are subject to the effects of microstructural changes, melting, and corrosion. It explains how overheating can deplete alloying elements and alter the composition and distribution of phases, and how these processes contribute to microstructural changes as a function of time, temperature, and applied stress. It also describes several failure examples and discusses related issues, including damage recovery, refurbishment, and repair.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2010
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.sap.t53000009
EISBN: 978-1-62708-313-3
... Abstract This chapter provides a brief overview of nickel-iron-base, cobalt-base, and nickel-base superalloys, discussing their basic metallurgy and defining characteristics. coefficient of thermal expansion superalloys SUPERALLOYS ARE CLASSIFIED according to the main alloying...
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 March 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.stg2.t61280025
EISBN: 978-1-62708-267-9
... prime gamma prime microstructure superalloys Groups, Crystal Structures, and Phases Superalloy Groups As noted earlier, there are three groups of superalloys (iron-nickel-, nickel-, and cobalt-base), which are further subdivided into cast and wrought (where wrought includes powder...
Abstract
This chapter describes the metallurgy of superalloys and the extent to which it can be controlled. It discusses the alloying elements, crystal structures, and processing sequences associated with more than a dozen phases that largely determine the characteristics of superalloys, including their properties, behaviors, and microstructure. It examines the role of more than 20 alloying elements, including phosphorus (promotes carbide precipitation), boron (improves creep properties), lanthanum (increases hot corrosion resistance), and carbon and tungsten which serve as matrix stabilizers. It explains how precipitates provide strength by impeding deformation under load. It also discusses the factors that influence grain size, shape, and orientation and how they can be controlled to optimize mechanical and physical properties.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 March 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.stg2.t61280211
EISBN: 978-1-62708-267-9
..., except in a secondary sense through the coating diffusion heat treatment of 4 h at 1950 to 2050 °F (1065 to 1120 °C), which may be applied if a coating is required. Wrought cobalt-base superalloys have carbide modifications produced during the fabrication sequence. Carbide distributions in wrought...
Abstract
This chapter examines the effect of heat treating and other processes on the microstructure-property relationships that occur in superalloys. It discusses precipitation and grain-boundary hardening and how they influence the phases, structures, and properties of various alloys. It explains how the delta phase, which is used to control grain size in IN-718, improves strength and prevents stress-rupture embrittlement. It describes heat treatments for different product forms, discusses the effect of tramp elements on grain-boundary ductility, and explains how section size and test location influence measured properties. It also provides information and data on the physical and mechanical properties of superalloys, particularly tensile strength, creep-rupture, fatigue, and fracture, and discusses related factors such as directionality, porosity, orientation, elongation, and the effect of coating and welding processes.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 March 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.stg2.t61280011
EISBN: 978-1-62708-267-9
... Abstract This chapter provides basic materials selection information for iron-nickel-, nickel-, and cobalt-base superalloys. It discusses mechanical and physical properties, the effect of service temperature, and the comparative strengths of wrought and cast product forms. It includes several...
Abstract
This chapter provides basic materials selection information for iron-nickel-, nickel-, and cobalt-base superalloys. It discusses mechanical and physical properties, the effect of service temperature, and the comparative strengths of wrought and cast product forms. It includes several large data tables along with reference information and a detailed application example based on the design of a gas turbine disk.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.aub.t61170290
EISBN: 978-1-62708-297-6
... with consecutive positions in the periodic table of elements. The iron-nickel-base superalloys are an extension of stainless steel technology and generally are wrought, whereas cobalt- and nickel-base superalloys may be wrought or cast, depending on the application/composition involved. The more highly alloyed...
Abstract
This article discusses the composition, structure, and properties of iron-nickel-, nickel-, and cobalt-base superalloys and the effect of major alloying and trace elements. It describes the primary and secondary roles of each alloying element, the amounts typically used, and the corresponding effect on properties and microstructure. It also covers mechanical alloying and weldability and includes nominal composition data on many wrought and cast superalloys.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 March 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.stg2.t61280339
EISBN: 978-1-62708-267-9
... to the 1960s, major advances occurred. The need for high-strength, high-temperature-resistant superalloys soared with the introduction of the gas turbine engine for aircraft applications. Iron-nickel-base superalloys were developed further as wrought materials, new cobalt-base superalloys were invented...
Image
Published: 01 March 2002
Fig. 3.4 Typical operating microstructures of representative superalloys. (a) Cast cobalt-base alloy. 250×. (b) Cast nickel-base alloy. 100×. (c) Wrought (left, 3300×) and cast (right, 5000×) nickel-base alloys. (d) Two wrought iron-nickel-base alloys (left, 17,000×); IN-718 (right, 3300
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Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 March 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.stg2.9781627082679
EISBN: 978-1-62708-267-9
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 March 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.stg2.t61280091
EISBN: 978-1-62708-267-9
... the principal driver for superalloy development, and the systems of the time were geared for wrought products. Cobalt-Base versus Iron-Nickel- and Nickel-Base Superalloys Cast cobalt-base superalloys such as Vitallium were interesting and extremely useful in components where the highest strengths were...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the similarities and differences of forging and forming processes used in the production of wrought superalloy parts. Although forming is rarely concerned with microstructure, forging processes are often designed with microstructure in mind. Besides shaping, the objectives of forging may include grain refinement, control of second-phase morphology, controlled grain flow, and the achievement of specific microstructures and properties. The chapter explains how these objectives can be met by managing work energy via temperature and deformation control. It also discusses the forgeability of alloys, addresses problems and practical issues, and describes the forging of gas turbine disks. On the topic of forming, the chapter discusses the processes involved, the role of alloying elements, and the effect of alloy condition on formability. It addresses practical concerns such as forming speed, rolling direction, rerolling, and heat treating precipitation-hardened alloys. It presents several application examples involving carbide-hardened cobalt-base and other superalloys, and it concludes with a discussion on superplasticity and its adaptation to commercial forging and forming operations.
Image
Published: 01 March 2002
Fig. 12.31 1000 h rupture strength of selected wrought cobalt- and iron-nickel-base superalloys vs. temperature. Note the inclusion of iron-base ODS superalloy MA-956 for comparison.
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Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2010
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.sap.t53000025
EISBN: 978-1-62708-313-3
... affect the chemical stability of their matrix by locally depleting carbide-forming elements ( Ref 7 ). Cobalt-base superalloys are primarily strengthened through carbide precipitation because they are not precipitation hardened by intermetallic compounds. In wrought cobalt-base alloys, where carbon...
Abstract
The microstructure of superalloys is highly complex, with a large number of dispersed intermetallics and other phases that modify alloy behavior through their composition, morphology, and distribution. This chapter provides an overview of the most notable phases, including the matrix phase and geometrically and topologically close-packed phases, and describes how superalloy microstructure can be modified via heat treatments and directional solidification. It also discusses the role of carbides, borides, oxides, and nitrides and the detrimental effects of sulfocarbides.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 March 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.stg2.t61280189
EISBN: 978-1-62708-267-9
... machinability characteristics are defined as falling between the two extremes of turning processes on wrought A-286 and cast PC IN-100, some selected superalloys may be ranked in order of increasing ease of machining as: MAR-M-302 (cobalt-base) AF2–1DA (nickel-base) René 95 (nickel-base) U-500...
Abstract
The qualities that make superalloys excellent engineering materials also make them difficult to machine. This chapter discusses the challenges involved in machining superalloys and the factors that determine machinability. It addresses material removal rates, cutting tool materials, tool life, and practical issues such as set up time, tool changes, and production scheduling. It describes several machining processes, including turning, boring, planing, trepanning, shaping, broaching, drilling, tapping, thread milling, and grinding. It also provides information on toolholders, fixturing, cutting and grinding fluids, and tooling modifications.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.tt2.t51060273
EISBN: 978-1-62708-355-3
... 40 Copper casting alloys( a ) 965 140 62 9 Stainless steels, standard austenitic grades; wrought, cold worked 965 140 517 75 Niobium and its alloys 931 135 241 35 Iron-base superalloys; cast, wrought 924 134 276 40 Cobalt-base superalloys, wrought 800 116 241 35...
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 March 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.stg2.t61280001
EISBN: 978-1-62708-267-9
...? Superalloys are nickel-, iron-nickel-, and cobalt-base alloys generally used at temperatures above about 1000 °F (540 °C). The iron-nickel-base superalloys such as the popular alloy IN-718 are an extension of stainless steel technology and generally are wrought. Cobalt-base and nickel-base superalloys may...
Abstract
This chapter provides a brief introduction to superalloys and their high-temperature capabilities. It explains how and why they were developed and highlights some of their unique properties, behaviors, and characteristics. It discusses their basic metallurgy, how they are processed, and where they are typically used. It also includes nominal composition data for more than 120 superalloys and a concise overview of the major topics in the book.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 March 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.stg2.t61280357
EISBN: 978-1-62708-267-9
... others) that generally are brittle and detrimental to the mechanical properties of superalloys, particularly nickel-base superalloys. These phases can form in iron-nickel-and cobalt-base superalloys as well. Based on early studies on stainless steels, these phases, and particularly σ phase, can...
Abstract
This appendix provides additional information on superalloy microstructures. It includes several micrographs showing metallographic features mentioned in the text but not illustrated elsewhere in the book. It also discusses carbide reactions that occur during heat treating and demonstrates the use of electron vacancy calculations to estimate the resistance of superalloys to the formation of topologically close-packed phases.
Image
in Total Strain-Based Strain-Range Partitioning—Isothermal and Thermomechanical Fatigue
> Fatigue and Durability of Metals at High Temperatures
Published: 01 July 2009
Fig. 6.43 Assessment of thermomechanical fatigue life prediction capability of total strain version of strain-range partitioning for cast nickel-base superalloy B-1900+Hf and wrought cobalt-base alloy Haynes 188. Source: Ref 6.27
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Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.aub.t61170540
EISBN: 978-1-62708-297-6
... as metallurgical and non-metallurgical. Metallurgical uses include the wear resistant, corrosion resistant, and heat resistant cobalt-base alloys, the use of cobalt in nickel-base superalloys (the largest end-use sector for cobalt), iron-base superalloys, cemented carbides, magnetic materials, low-expansion alloys...
Abstract
This article discusses the properties, behaviors, and uses of cobalt and its alloys. It explains how cobalt alloys are categorized and describes the commercial designations and grades that are available. It also provides composition information and explains how alloying elements and carbides affect toughness, hardness, ductility, and strength as well as resistance to heat, corrosion, and wear.
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