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Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 1999
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.caaa.t67870001
EISBN: 978-1-62708-299-0
..., or soldering. A wide variety of mechanical aluminum fasteners simplifies the assembly of many products. Adhesive bonding of aluminum parts is widely employed, particularly in joining aircraft components. Table 3 lists fabrication characteristics of commonly used wrought aluminum and aluminum alloys...
Abstract
Aluminum is the second most widely used metal in the world. It is readily available, offers a wide range of properties, and can be shaped, coated, and joined using a variety of methods. This chapter discusses some of the key attributes of wrought and cast aluminum alloys and the classifications, designations, and grades of available product forms. It also explains how aluminum alloys are used in aerospace, automotive, rail, and marine applications as well as in building and construction, electrical products, manufacturing equipment, packaging, and consumer durables such as appliances and furniture.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 June 2023
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.atia.t59340035
EISBN: 978-1-62708-427-7
... Abstract This chapter provides an overview of the alloy and temper designations adopted for aluminum cast and wrought products. It explains the naming system and how to identify the main alloying elements and basic strengthening mechanism from any given alloy and temper designation. The chapter...
Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of the alloy and temper designations adopted for aluminum cast and wrought products. It explains the naming system and how to identify the main alloying elements and basic strengthening mechanism from any given alloy and temper designation. The chapter provides additional detail on the strengthening and softening mechanisms that allow aluminum alloys to attain a range of engineering properties. The strength of aluminum alloys can be controlled by three methods: solid-solution hardening by alloying, work hardening by plastic deformation, and precipitation hardening with appropriate alloying and heat treatment.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 June 2023
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.atia.t59340083
EISBN: 978-1-62708-427-7
...) for wrought products is on the order of 60–70%, the recovery in shape casting is typically more than 90%. Cast products are applied for an array of end uses in the aluminum industry. There are specialty alloys for rotors, bearings, wear resistance, and high-temperature applications. Structural cast alloys...
Abstract
This chapter describes the processes and alloys used in the casting of aluminum components, the advantages and disadvantages of the different shape-casting methods, and the major factors that influence alloy selection for shape-casting applications. An overview of the heat treatment of cast products is also included.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.emea.t52240487
EISBN: 978-1-62708-251-8
... be used. The number “1” for extruded products indicates the product was straightened by stretching, while the number “0” indicates that it was not mechanically straightened. 26.3 Aluminum Alloys The principal alloying elements in wrought aluminum alloys include copper, manganese, magnesium, silicon...
Abstract
Aluminum has many outstanding properties, leading it to be used for a wide range of applications. It offers excellent strength-to-weight ratio, good corrosion and oxidation resistance, high electrical and thermal conductivity, exceptional formability, and relatively low cost. This chapter examines the metallurgy, composition, processing, and mechanical properties of aluminum and its alloys, both cast and wrought forms. It also covers heat treating and basic temper designations, including annealed, work hardened, solution heat treated, and solution heated treated and aged. The chapter concludes with information on corrosion and oxidation resistance.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2017
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.sccmpe2.t55090241
EISBN: 978-1-62708-266-2
... stress-corrosion cracking wrought aluminum products ALUMINUM, as indicated by its position in the electromotive force (emf) series, is a thermodynamically reactive metal; among structural metals, only beryllium and magnesium are more reactive. Aluminum owes its excellent corrosion resistance...
Abstract
Aluminum is protected by a barrier oxide film that, if damaged, reforms immediately in most environments. Despite this inherent corrosion resistance, there are conditions where aluminum alloys, like many materials, are subject to the effects of stress-corrosion cracking (SCC). This chapter describes those conditions, focusing initially on the effects of alloying elements and temper on solution potential and how it compares to other metals. It then addresses the issue of intergranular corrosion and its role in SCC. It explains how factors such as stress loads, grain structure, and environment determine whether or not stress-corrosion cracking develops in a susceptible alloy. It also provides stress-corrosion ratings for many alloys, tempers, and product forms and includes information on hydrogen-induced cracking.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 1999
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.caaa.t67870265
EISBN: 978-1-62708-299-0
... States for aluminum and aluminum alloys is used for all product forms (both wrought and cast), with the exception of ingot. The system is based on the sequences of mechanical or thermal treatments, or both, used to produce the various tempers. The temper designation follows the alloy designation...
Abstract
This appendix provides information on temper designations for strain-hardened aluminum, heat treatable aluminum alloys, and annealed aluminum products.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 June 2023
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.atia.t59340325
EISBN: 978-1-62708-427-7
... payload 1200 nautical miles at an average speed of 35 knots. The design allows for a shallow draft compared with traditional V hulls. The ship’s flight deck can also accommodate a variety of aircraft ( Fig. 14.9 ). Approximately 700 tons of wrought aluminum products (plate, extrusions, and forgings) were...
Abstract
From canoes to catamarans, aluminum is used for a variety of marine applications. Fishing boats, pontoon boats, ferries, oceangoing liners, and military vessels all benefit from the weight savings, corrosion resistance, and weldability of aluminum products. This chapter shows examples of aluminum boat construction. It presents important issues with the 5xxx shipbuilding alloys, such as corrosion. The chapter also presents the benefits of using aluminum in marine applications.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.aub.t61170520
EISBN: 978-1-62708-297-6
... pumps, many hand tools, and machinery such as larger drill presses and lathes. The higher aluminum content alloys (the ZA alloys described) are increasingly being specified for bearings and bushings in low-speed, high-load applications. Wrought Product Applications. In addition to the use of wrought...
Abstract
This article discusses the composition, properties, and behaviors of zinc and its alloys. It explains where cast and wrought zinc alloys are used, describes commercial designations and grades, and discusses the effect of various alloying elements on properties and performance.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 June 2023
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.atia.t59340211
EISBN: 978-1-62708-427-7
... of aluminum wrought products that are important for key structural applications and market end uses are described in Chapter 9, “Product, Alloy and Temper Selection” and Chapter 10, “Customer Manufacturing Processes” in this book. While Chapter 9 describes intrinsic physical and mechanical properties...
Abstract
This chapter provides basic concepts and background for customer-related manufacturing processes applied to aluminum products including forming, joining and welding, surface treatments, and machinability. It reviews the selection criteria, key testing regimes, and original equipment manufacturer (OEM) requirements. The chapter also presents examples that demonstrate the importance of choosing the correct alloy and temper to successfully meet the OEM fabrication criteria.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 June 2023
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.atia.t59340165
EISBN: 978-1-62708-427-7
..., process steps, alloys, and products of aluminum forging. aluminum alloys fatigue resistance forging fracture resistance Hot die forging of aluminum wheels at Weber Metals FORGING is the most basic, but perhaps most diverse, of the wrought metal processes. Most forging is carried out...
Abstract
Forged aluminum products vary widely in their production methods and applications. The forging process allows for control of microstructure and directional properties, and their fatigue and fracture resistance are superior to shape castings. This chapter presents the types, equipment, process steps, alloys, and products of aluminum forging.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 June 2023
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.atia.t59340179
EISBN: 978-1-62708-427-7
... in the North American market ( Chapter 20, “Aluminum and Its Importance for Sustainability” in this book). 6061 versus 6082 The 6 xxx alloys fill an important niche in many markets for aluminum wrought products. They are available in all the major wrought product forms (extrusion, wire, rod, bar...
Abstract
This chapter describes the attributes of aluminum products that are critical for key structural applications. It covers the selection criteria and evaluations performed by the aluminum supplier or customer: physical attributes, mechanical properties (tensile, fracture, and fatigue), and corrosion.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 1999
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.caaa.t67870025
EISBN: 978-1-62708-299-0
... of this, aluminum and its alloys are used in many applications such as buildings, power lines and equipment exposed to severe weather, large ship superstructures, the transportation field (road tanker and truck transports, railroad and subway cars), pipelines carrying water and compatible products, the beverage...
Abstract
Aluminum generally has excellent resistance to corrosion and gives years of maintenance-free service in natural atmospheres, fresh waters, seawater, many soils and chemicals, and most foods. This chapter explains why aluminum and aluminum alloys are naturally resistant to corrosion and describes the conditions and circumstances under which their natural defenses break down. It discusses the causes and forms of corrosion observed in aluminum alloys and the effect of composition, microstructure, processing history, and environmental variables such as impurities, fluid flow, surface area, pressure, and temperature.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 June 2023
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.atia.t59340245
EISBN: 978-1-62708-427-7
... Abstract This chapter describes aluminum applications in aircraft and space vehicles and the special alloys, tempers, and product forms required to meet the unique challenges of flight. It focuses on wrought alloys and products that comprise the bulk of aluminum aircraft structure. The chapter...
Abstract
This chapter describes aluminum applications in aircraft and space vehicles and the special alloys, tempers, and product forms required to meet the unique challenges of flight. It focuses on wrought alloys and products that comprise the bulk of aluminum aircraft structure. The chapter also provides a list of the aerospace alloys and their chemical compositions in common use as well as their application on aircraft.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.aub.t61170351
EISBN: 978-1-62708-297-6
... Compositions and International Designations on pages 426–436) and in Registration Records on wrought alloys, castings, and ingots published by the Aluminum Association. Product forms and nominal compositions of common wrought aluminum alloys Table 4 Product forms and nominal compositions of common...
Abstract
This article discusses the composition, structures, properties, and behaviors of aluminum alloys and explains how they correspond to specific alloying elements. It begins with an overview of the general characteristics of wrought and cast aluminum alloys, the four-digit classification system by which they are defined, and the applications for which they are suited. It then explains how primary alloying elements, second-phase constituents, and impurities affect yield strength, phase formation, and grain size and how they induce structural changes that help refine certain alloys. The article also explains how primary alloying elements affect corrosion and wear behaviors and how they influence fabrication processes such as forming, forging, welding, brazing, and soldering.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 June 2023
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.atia.t59340303
EISBN: 978-1-62708-427-7
... Abstract A large portion of cast and wrought product production is directed to the ground transportation market. Aluminum castings, extrusions, forgings, and rolled products all find wide application for trucks, trains, subways, and buses and are discussed in this chapter. aluminum alloys...
Abstract
A large portion of cast and wrought product production is directed to the ground transportation market. Aluminum castings, extrusions, forgings, and rolled products all find wide application for trucks, trains, subways, and buses and are discussed in this chapter.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 June 2023
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.atia.t59340063
EISBN: 978-1-62708-427-7
... Abstract The manufacture of all aluminum wrought products begins with an ingot or a continuous strip solidified from the liquid state. During molten metal processing (MMP), aluminum undergoes a series of operations that are described in this chapter including melting and alloying, recycling...
Abstract
The manufacture of all aluminum wrought products begins with an ingot or a continuous strip solidified from the liquid state. During molten metal processing (MMP), aluminum undergoes a series of operations that are described in this chapter including melting and alloying, recycling, molten metal treatment, control of inclusions, ingot grain refinement, and direct chill (DC) or continuous casting.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 June 2023
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.atia.t59340375
EISBN: 978-1-62708-427-7
... is approximately 400,000 square feet of aluminum. Courtesy of Lorin Industries Inc. ALONG WITH PACKAGING AND TRANSPORTATION, the building and construction market represents one of the major outlets for a diverse range of aluminum wrought and cast products. Aluminum alloy products offer architectural...
Abstract
Aluminum alloy products offer architectural and building solutions that exploit the benefits inherent in this metal: light weight, excellent durability, low maintenance, and thermal management opportunities. This chapter discusses the major applications for aluminum building products and related competitive materials. The commonly used alloys and tempers and their performance benefits are outlined for extruded profiles, rolled sheet and foil, and die cast products.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 October 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mnm2.t53060073
EISBN: 978-1-62708-261-7
... of extraction, it is common for aluminum production plants to be located in areas where electricity is inexpensive. Hence, many aluminum production plants in North America are located in the regions having less expensive hydroelectric power (e.g., the Tennessee Valley Authority region, Pacific Northwest...
Abstract
The discovery and use of materials have shaped civilization since ancient times. This chapter traces the history of the use of metals from hammered copper estimated to be 11,000 years old to the development of electrolytically refined aluminum in 1884. The discussion covers the advent of the Bronze Age, extraction of metals from their respective ores, and the discovery of modern metals such as chromium, vanadium, platinum, and titanium.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 June 2023
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.atia.t59340019
EISBN: 978-1-62708-427-7
... exclusively as a metal source is known as the secondary industry . Typically, the secondary industry deals with production of aluminum castings ( Chapter 5, “Aluminum Shape Casting” in this book), but there are also some noteworthy examples of scrap-tolerant wrought alloys. However, when the scrap aluminum...
Abstract
This chapter describes the process steps in the production of smelter grade aluminum, the environmental issues with aluminum production, and the importance of recycling. It also provides a discussion on the refining, or Bayer, process and the smelting, or Hall-Héroult, process.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.emea.t52240509
EISBN: 978-1-62708-251-8
... strength of castings is approximately equal to the tensile yield strength. As a result of these factors, combined with the fact that magnesium wrought products are more expensive than comparable aluminum wrought products, magnesium alloy castings are the much more widely used product forms. Magnesium...
Abstract
Magnesium occupies the highest anodic position on the galvanic series and can be subject to severe corrosion. The corrosion problem is due to the impurity elements iron, nickel, and copper. However, the use of higher-purity magnesium alloys has led to corrosion resistance approaching that of some of the competing aluminum casting alloys. This chapter begins with a general overview of magnesium metallurgy and alloy designations and moves on to discuss in detail the nominal compositions, mechanical properties, heat treatment, fabrication, and corrosion protection of magnesium casting alloys and wrought magnesium alloys. It also discusses the nominal compositions, properties, and applications of commercially pure zinc, zinc casting alloys, and wrought zinc alloys.
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