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Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ex2.t69980195
EISBN: 978-1-62708-342-3
...Abstract Abstract Compared with other deformation processes used to produce semifinished products, the hot-working extrusion process has the advantage of applying pure compressive forces in all three force directions, enhancing workability. The available variations in the extrusion process...
Abstract
Compared with other deformation processes used to produce semifinished products, the hot-working extrusion process has the advantage of applying pure compressive forces in all three force directions, enhancing workability. The available variations in the extrusion process enable a wide spectrum of materials to be extruded. This chapter focuses on the processes involved in the extrusion of semifinished products in various metals and their alloys, namely tin, lead, lead-base soft solders, tin-base soft solders, zinc, magnesium, aluminum, copper, titanium, zirconium, iron, nickel, and powder metals. It discusses their properties and applications as well as suitable equipment for extrusion. It further discusses the processes involved in the extrusion of semifinished products in exotic alloys and extrusion of semifinished products from metallic composite materials.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.tt2.t51060209
EISBN: 978-1-62708-355-3
..., to obtain a practical understanding of how well a material will hot work during primary processing, it is essential to know how it will respond to tensile loading at the strain rates to be imposed by the specific hot-working operation. The ideal hot-workability test is one in which the metal is deformed...
Abstract
This chapter focuses on short-term tensile testing at high temperatures. It emphasizes one of the most important reasons for conducting hot tensile tests: the determination of the hot working characteristics of metallic materials. Two types of hot tensile tests are discussed in this chapter, namely, the Gleeble test and the conventional isothermal hot-tensile test. The discussion covers equipment used and testing procedures for the Gleeble test along with information on hot ductility and strength data from this test. The chapter describes the stress-strain curves, material coefficients, and flow behavior determined in the isothermal hot tensile test. It also describes three often-overlapping stages of cavitation during tensile deformation, namely, cavity nucleation, growth of individual cavities, and cavity coalescence.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.aub.t61170457
EISBN: 978-1-62708-297-6
... characteristics. cast copper alloys copper alloys corrosion resistance electrical conductivity machinability weldability workability wrought copper alloys Composition Introduction and Overview Wrought Copper and Copper Alloy Families Copper Casting Alloy Families Effects of Impurities...
Abstract
This article discusses the composition, properties, and behaviors of copper and its alloys. It begins with an overview of the characteristics, applications, and commercial grades of wrought and cast copper. It then discusses the role of alloying, explaining how zinc, tin, aluminum, silicon, and nickel affect the physical and mechanical properties of coppers and high-copper alloys as well as brasses, bronzes, copper-nickels, and nickel silvers. It also explains how alloying affects electrical conductivity, corrosion resistance, stress-corrosion cracking, and processing characteristics.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2010
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.sap.t53000059
EISBN: 978-1-62708-313-3
... significantly. Carbon level can also influence the workability of the alloy. The range of these alloying additions is given in Table 5.1 , which summarizes alloy percentage range as well as the average content (enclosed in parentheses). The function of each of these elements is dependent both on the nature...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the typical compositional ranges of superalloys, the role of major base metals (iron, cobalt, and nickel), and the effects of common alloying additions. It describes how chromium, aluminum, and titanium as well as refractory elements, grain-boundary elements, reactive elements, and oxides influence mechanical properties and behaviors. It also discusses the effect of trace elements.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ts5.t65900029
EISBN: 978-1-62708-358-4
... metal pool ( Ref 2 ). Chemical uniformity of ESR ingots is improved over static ingots ( Ref 4 ), and sulfur is substantially reduced (to at least 70%) ( Ref 6 ). These features, in turn, result in a number of significant benefits, including improved hot workability and thus processing yields...
Abstract
This chapter describes some of the more typical manufacturing practices, along with their benefits and limitations. The manufacturing practices covered include primary melting, electroslag remelting, rolling, hot and cold drawing, and continuous casting. The chapter discusses the advance and application of powder metallurgy. A few of the more recently introduced processes that hold considerable promise for producing tool steels or finished tools at a lower cost or with improved quality also are reviewed.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2010
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.sap.t53000111
EISBN: 978-1-62708-313-3
... is desirable because the presence of aluminum reduces ductility, while titanium is known to improve hot workability. Carbon should be minimized, because carbon will reduce the melting point at the grain boundaries and reduce the temperature at which hot forging can be carried out. Trace levels of boron have...
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.emea.t52240279
EISBN: 978-1-62708-251-8
.... , Principles of Metal Manufacturing Processes, Arnold , 1999 2. Dieter G.E. , Introduction to Workability , Forming and Forging , Vol 14 , ASM Handbook , ASM International , 1988 3. Kalpakjian S. , Mechanical Testing for Metalworking Processes , Mechanical Testing...
Abstract
This chapter describes the general characteristics of two commonly classified metalworking processes, namely hot working and cold working. Primary metalworking processes, such as the bulk deformation processes used to conduct the initial breakdown of cast ingots, are always conducted hot. Secondary processes, which are used to produce the final product shape, are conducted either hot or cold. The chapter discusses the primary objectives, principal types, advantages, and disadvantages of both primary and secondary metalworking processes. They are rolling, forging, extrusion, sheet metal forming processes, blanking and piercing, bending, stretch forming, drawing, rubber pad forming, and superplastic forming.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 October 2012
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.lmub.t53550299
EISBN: 978-1-62708-307-2
... aluminide alloys Method Advantages Disadvantages Isothermal pancake forging Modest workability requirements Large experience base Slow speed/long cycle time Process parameters dictated by die material (e.g., TZM) characteristics Product yield losses Large multistep...
Abstract
Titanium aluminides are lightweight materials that have relatively high melting points and good high-temperature strength. They also tend to be stronger and lighter than conventional titanium alloys, but considerably less ductile. This chapter begins with a review of the titanium-aluminum phase diagram, focusing on the properties, compositions, and microstructures of alpha-2 Ti3Al alloys. It then describes the properties, microstructures, and compositions of orthorhombic, gamma, and near-gamma alloys as well as the processing methods and procedures normally used in their production.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.aub.t61170234
EISBN: 978-1-62708-297-6
... Hardening Mechanical Properties Resistance to Stress-Corrosion Cracking Effect of Residual Elements on Thermal Embrittlement The two manufacturing or processing characteristics most influenced by alloying in maraging steels are weldability and hot workability. Weldability Hot Workability...
Abstract
This article discusses the effects of alloying on the properties and behaviors of maraging steels. It describes how maraging steels differ from conventional steels in that they are strengthened, not by carbon, but by the precipitation of intermetallic compounds. It explains how maraging steels typically have high levels of nickel, cobalt, and molybdenum with little carbon content and how that affects their dimensional stability, fracture toughness, weldability, and resistance to stress-corrosion cracking.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.spsp2.t54410009
EISBN: 978-1-62708-265-5
... discovered many phases and microstructures associated with steel and gave them their now familiar names. The chapter concludes with a brief discussion on the emergence of continuous casting and the subsequent development of strip casting production techniques. steel steelmaking STEEL, a workable...
Abstract
This chapter traces the history of steelmaking over three millennia, from the discovery of martensite in a mining tool dating from the twelfth century B.C. to the nineteenth century development of the Bessemer and Siemens processes. It also describes the work of early metallographers who discovered many phases and microstructures associated with steel and gave them their now familiar names. The chapter concludes with a brief discussion on the emergence of continuous casting and the subsequent development of strip casting production techniques.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.tt2.9781627083553
EISBN: 978-1-62708-355-3
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ex2.t69980009
EISBN: 978-1-62708-342-3
... of their limited workability. The extrusion process also enables semifinished products to be produced from powder metallurgy-based materials, composite materials, and the production of semifinished products from clad composites with material combinations including aluminum/copper and aluminum/steel using...
Abstract
The hot-working process extrusion is used to produce semifinished products in the form of bar, strip, and solid sections, as well as tubes and hollow sections. The first part of this chapter describes the composition, properties, and applications of tin and lead extruded products with a deformation temperature range of 0 to 300 deg C and magnesium and aluminum extruded products with a working temperature range of 300 to 600 deg C. The second part focuses on copper alloy extruded products, extruded titanium alloy products, and extruded products in iron alloys with a working temperature range of 600 to 1300 deg C.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.emea.t52240563
EISBN: 978-1-62708-251-8
... alloy René 80. Most wrought nickel-base alloys contain between 20 and 45 vol% γ′, while cast alloys can contain as much as 60 vol% γ′. As the amount of γ′ increases, the elevated-temperature resistance increases; however, the workability of wrought alloys decreases and eventually reaches a point where...
Abstract
Superalloys are nickel, iron-nickel, and cobalt-base alloys designed for high-temperature applications, generally above 540 deg C. This chapter covers the metallurgy, composition, and properties of cast and wrought superalloys. It provides information on melting, heat treating, and secondary fabrication processes. It also covers coating technology, including aluminide diffusion and overlay coatings, and addresses the advantages and disadvantages of superalloys in various applications.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 February 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.chffa.t51040007
EISBN: 978-1-62708-300-3
... properties Environment Available manpower Air, noise, and wastewater pollution Plant and production facilities and control 2.2.1 Material Characterization For a given material composition and deformation/heat treatment history (microstructure), the flow stress and the workability...
Abstract
This chapter explains that the key to forging is understanding and controlling metal flow and influential factors such as tool geometry, the mechanics of interface friction, material characteristics, and thermal conditions in the deformation zone. It also reviews common forging processes, including closed-die forging, extrusion, electrical upsetting, radial forging, hobbing, isothermal forging, open-die forging, orbital forging, and coining.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.aub.t61170417
EISBN: 978-1-62708-297-6
... denote the general type of microstructure after processing. Most α-alloys will have a minimal amount of β-phase, sometimes as a result of tramp iron, as in commercially pure titanium, and sometimes due to minor β-stabilizer additions to enhance workability (e.g., the molybdenum and vanadium additions...
Abstract
This article discusses the role of alloying in the production and use of titanium. It explains how alloying elements affect transformation temperatures, tensile and creep strength, elasticity, hardness, and corrosion behaviors. It provides composition and property data for commercial grades of titanium, addresses processing issues, and identifies operating environments where certain titanium alloys are susceptible to stress-corrosion cracking.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 October 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mnm2.t53060117
EISBN: 978-1-62708-261-7
.... Fig. 6.9 Schematic illustration of relative workability of cast metals and wrought and recrystallized metals at cold, warm, and hot working temperatures. The melting point (or solidus temperature) is denoted as MP c (cast metals) or MP w (wrought and recrystallized metals). Fig. 6.25...
Abstract
This chapter describes the processes involved in the fabrication of wrought and cast metal products. It discusses deformation processes including bending and forming, material removal processes such as milling, cutting, and grinding, and joining methods including welding, soldering, and brazing. It also discusses powder consolidation, rolling, drawing and extrusion, and common forging methods.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ssde.t52310161
EISBN: 978-1-62708-286-0
... stainless steels. Soaking at higher temperatures causes ferrite levels to increase, negating the homogenization and causing very poor hot workability. Longer times at temperature than the minimum required for thermal uniformity also cause problems as any sulfur and oxygen impurities are rejected from...
Abstract
This chapter discusses different thermal processes applicable to the various alloy groups of stainless steels, namely austenitic, ferritic, martensitic, precipitation hardening, and duplex stainless steels. The processes discussed include soaking, annealing, stress relieving, austenitizing, tempering, aging, and conditioning.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 March 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.aet.t68260119
EISBN: 978-1-62708-336-2
... workability for the following reasons ( Ref 18 ): Grain-boundary and dendritic cell segregation, low-melting-point eutectics, and brittle intermetallic compounds reduce the workability of the metal. Supersaturated solutions of finely dispersed precipitates of the alloying components (e.g., Al 6 Mn...
Abstract
This chapter describes various aspects of the billet making process and how they affect the quality of aluminum extrusions. It begins with an overview of the direct-chill continuous casting technique and its advantages over other methods, particularly for hard aluminum alloys. It then discusses the influence of casting variables, including pouring temperature and cooling rate, and operating considerations such as the make-up of charge materials, fluxing and degassing procedures, and grain refining. The chapter also provides information on vertical and horizontal casting systems, billet homogenization, and the cause of casting defects, including cracking and splitting, segregation, porosity, and grain growth.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.tt2.t51060101
EISBN: 978-1-62708-355-3
.... The term “workability” is used interchangeably with formability; however, formability refers to the shaping of sheet metal, while workability refers to shaping materials by bulk forming processes such as forging and extrusion. Sheet metal forming operations consist of a large family of processes...
Abstract
Sheet metal forming operations consist of a large family of processes, ranging from simple bending to stamping and deep drawing of complex shapes. Because sheet forming operations are so diverse in type, extent, and rate, no single test provides an accurate indication of the formability of a material in all situations. However, as discussed in this chapter, the uniaxial tensile test is one of the most widely used tests for determining sheet metal formability. This chapter describes the effect of material properties and temperature on sheet metal formability. Information on the types of formability tests is also provided. The chapter discusses the processes involved in uniaxial and plane-strain tensile testing. Examples include the uniaxial tensile test and the plane-strain tensile test which are subsequently described.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 February 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.chffa.t51040257
EISBN: 978-1-62708-300-3
... can lower the workpiece temperature to below the solutioning temperature, leading to precipitation and the subsequent drop in workability and the possibility of fracture. Also, temperature rise during deformation, a result of the higher strain rates of conventional forging, could lead to melting...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the processes of isothermal and hot-die forging and their use in producing aerospace components. It explains how isothermal forging was developed to provide a near-net shape component geometry and well-controlled microstructures and properties with accurate control of the working temperature and strain rate. It describes the materials typically used as well as equipment and tooling, die heating procedures, part separation techniques, and postforging heat treatment.