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Vijay Tambrallimath, R. Keshavamurthy, G.S. Pradeep Kumar, Gurumoorty S. Hebbar
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Manas Shirgaokar, Gracious Ngaile, Gangshu Shen
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Christian Boit, Anne Beyreuther, Norbert Herfurth
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Book Chapter
Diffusion Brazing
Available to PurchaseBook: Principles of Brazing
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.pb.t51230207
EISBN: 978-1-62708-351-5
... Abstract This chapter discusses the process, principles, and modeling of the diffusion brazing system. The applications of diffusion brazing to wide-gap joining and layer manufacturing are also discussed. diffusion brazing filler metals layer manufacturing wide-gap modeling...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the process, principles, and modeling of the diffusion brazing system. The applications of diffusion brazing to wide-gap joining and layer manufacturing are also discussed.
Book Chapter
The Role of Materials in Defining Process Constraints
Available to PurchaseBook: Principles of Brazing
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.pb.t51230143
EISBN: 978-1-62708-351-5
... mil). Silver-base brazes have lower elastic moduli than nickel-base brazes have, but their interchangeability may be limited by metallurgical factors and temperature or chemical constraints. Wide joint gaps (>500 μm, or 20 mils) can sometimes be used to minimize the effects of expansion...
Abstract
This chapter considers the role of materials in brazing operations and the manner in which they impact on the choice of processing conditions and their optimization. The concepts covered are metallurgical and mechanical constraints, and constraints imposed by the components and their solutions as well as service environment considerations.
Book Chapter
Introduction
Available to PurchaseBook: Principles of Brazing
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.pb.t51230001
EISBN: 978-1-62708-351-5
... the joints (electrical resistance) [ Messler 1999 ; O’Brien 1991 ]. Filler metals may be used to supplement the fusion process for components of similar composition, as, for example, when the joint gap is wide and, possibly, of variable width. In that situation, the filler is often chosen to have...
Abstract
Brazing and soldering jointly represent one of several methods for joining solid materials. This chapter summarizes the principal characteristics of the various joining methods. It then discusses key parameters of brazing including surface energy and tension, wetting and contact angle, fluid flow, filler spreading characteristics, surface roughness of components, dissolution of parent materials, new phase formations, significance of the joint gap, and the strength of metals. The chapter also describes issues in processing aspects that must be considered when designing a joint, and the health, safety, and environmental aspects of brazing.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.pb.9781627083515
EISBN: 978-1-62708-351-5
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2012
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.smfpa.t53500211
EISBN: 978-1-62708-317-1
...-to-wall-thickness ratio decreases, the so-called W-forming strategy is often applied. This strategy introduces the final tube radius in a wide region next to both band edges already in the first stands. Here, an upper and a lower roll can directly form the geometry easily with a correlating rolling gap...
Abstract
Roll forming is a process in which flat strip or sheet material is progressively bent as it passes through a series of contoured rollers. This chapter describes the basic configuration and operating principles of a roll forming line and the cross-sectional profiles that can be achieved. It explains how to determine strip width and bending sequences and identifies the cause of common roll-forming defects. It also discusses the selection of roll materials and explains how software helps simplify the design of roll forming lines.
Book Chapter
Introduction
Available to PurchaseBook: Principles of Soldering
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 April 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ps.t62440001
EISBN: 978-1-62708-352-2
... characteristics, surface roughness of components, dissolution of parent materials and intermetallic growth, significance of the joint gap, and the strength of metals. The chapter also examines the principal aspects related to the design and application of soldering processes. brazing contact angle...
Abstract
Soldering and brazing represent one of several types of methods for joining solid materials. These methods may be classified as mechanical fastening, adhesive bonding, soldering and brazing, welding, and solid-state joining. This chapter summarizes the principal characteristics of these joining methods. It presents a comparison between solders and brazes. Further details on pressure welding and diffusion bonding are also provided. Key parameters of soldering are discussed, including surface energy and surface tension, wetting and contact angle, fluid flow, filler spreading characteristics, surface roughness of components, dissolution of parent materials and intermetallic growth, significance of the joint gap, and the strength of metals. The chapter also examines the principal aspects related to the design and application of soldering processes.
Book Chapter
Applications of Induction Heat Treatment
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.piht2.t55050191
EISBN: 978-1-62708-311-9
... Abstract Induction heat treating is used in a wide range of applications. Typical uses, as described in this chapter, include the surface hardening of many types of shafts as well as gears and sprockets and the through-hardening of gripping teeth, cutting edges, and impact zones incorporated...
Abstract
Induction heat treating is used in a wide range of applications. Typical uses, as described in this chapter, include the surface hardening of many types of shafts as well as gears and sprockets and the through-hardening of gripping teeth, cutting edges, and impact zones incorporated into various types of tools and track pins manufactured for off-highway equipment.
Book Chapter
Concurrent Engineering
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1995
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.sch6.t68200133
EISBN: 978-1-62708-354-6
... of this chapter. At the time this chapter was written, bridging the gap between Solid Modeling and FEA/FDA casting simulation programs is one of the main challenges for the effective use of these programs in a Concurrent Engineering environment. Most of the FEA/FDA programs require as input the transfer of Finite...
Abstract
This chapter gives an overview of how steel castings may be effectively adapted to modern concurrent engineering processes. The chapter discusses computer aided design programs, solid modeling, solidification simulation programs, and rapid prototyping.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 April 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ps.9781627083522
EISBN: 978-1-62708-352-2
Book Chapter
The Role of Materials in Defining Process Constraints
Available to PurchaseBook: Principles of Soldering
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 April 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ps.t62440145
EISBN: 978-1-62708-352-2
... widely used in conjunction with soldering processes, because tin oxide is readily displaced by an advancing wave of the molten solder, which itself often contains tin. The benefits of tin are that it is relatively inexpensive and that it presents minimal risk of unfavorably altering the constitution...
Abstract
This chapter considers the materials and processing aspects of soldering and the manner in which these interrelate in the development of joining processes. It discusses the processes involved in eliminating or suppressing metallurgical and mechanical constraints as well as constraints imposed by the components.
Book Chapter
Rolling
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2023
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.stmflw.t59390173
EISBN: 978-1-62708-459-8
... of the theoretical models, and the full Orowan theory is now widely used. It has been noted that good quantitative results require constitutive and grain size evolution models with high accuracy, which is especially important for multi-pass and ring rolling [ 17 – 20 ]. Front and back tensions are incorporated...
Abstract
Rolling is unique in that it cannot be conducted without friction. Friction draws the workpiece into the roll gap and facilitates its passage through the deformation zone. This chapter provides an overview of the mechanics and tribology of flat rolling processes and explains how various aspects of the theory apply to shape rolling as well. It derives numerous equations and models to help quantify the forces, torque, and power involved in rolling operations and the associated heating, slip, strain distribution, and deformation in both the workpiece and rolls. It describes the friction and wear that occur in hot and cold rolling under hydrodynamic and mixed-film lubrication; the influence of viscosity, film thickness, rolling speed, interface pressure, pass reduction, and lubricant breakdown; and the effect of surface finish and defects. The chapter also provides best practices for evaluating, applying, and treating lubricants for industrially important materials including iron-base, nickel-base, and aluminum alloys.
Book Chapter
Computer Simulation of Phase Diagrams
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 March 2012
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.pdub.t53420263
EISBN: 978-1-62708-310-2
... approach, the CALPHAD approach—after the acronym CAL culation of PHA se D iagrams—has been widely used for the study of phase equilibria of multicomponent systems. While thermodynamic models that represent nonstoichiometric solution phases have existed for many decades, it was not until the advent...
Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of a computational method, called CALPHAD, used for the study of phase equilibria in multicomponent systems. It describes the thermodynamic models and calculation techniques employed in the software and explains how it applies to complex alloys used in industry. It also provides examples showing how CALPHAD has been used to determine the formability of metallic glass, calculate the dilation of stainless steel during phase transformation, and predict the beta transus and approach curves of commercial titanium alloys.
Book Chapter
Machining and Assembly
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2010
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.scm.t52870307
EISBN: 978-1-62708-314-0
... and in sealing gaps up to 0.010 in. (0.3 mm) wide. The sealant swells upon contact with fuel, thus helping to seal the structure further. Normally, the channel is prepacked with sealant and then injected under pressure up to 4000 psi (28 MPa) after assembly. Injection points, usually spaced 4 to 6 in. (10 to 15...
Abstract
This chapter covers basic machining and assembly operations, with an emphasis on hole preparation for mechanical fasteners. It describes manual, power feed, and automated drilling techniques as well as reaming and countersinking. It discusses various types of fasteners, including rivets, pins, and bolts, along with selection factors and special considerations for composite joints. It also includes information on interference-fit and blind fasteners as well as trimming operations, general assembly considerations, and sealing and painting procedures.
Book Chapter
History of Metallurgy and Induction Heating
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.piht2.t55050001
EISBN: 978-1-62708-311-9
... unnecessary for maximum surface hardness and that carbon steels could be used in place of alloy steels. Caterpillar subsequently purchased a 500 kW, 9.6 kHz motor generator set for induction hardening their final drive gear with a 642 mm (25.7 in.) diameter by a 125 mm (5 in.) wide face. In an article...
Abstract
This chapter provides a brief review of the scientific and technological developments leading to the widespread use of induction heat treating and its many applications in industry.
Book Chapter
Crevice Corrosion
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cpi2.t55030039
EISBN: 978-1-62708-282-2
... flat surfaces, but a series of ridges and asperities. Pressing the PTFE washer onto the polished metal surface forms an occluded region with a wide range of crevice gaps including small areas of intimate contact. Although the total crevice volume and nominal crevice gap of the occluded region can...
Abstract
This chapter provides a detailed account of crevice corrosion of metals. It begins by describing various critical factors influencing crevice corrosion. This is followed by a section presenting selected examples of crevice corrosion of stainless steel, nickel alloys, aluminum alloys, and titanium alloys in different environments. Methods that have been developed for differentiating and ranking the resistance of alloys toward crevice corrosion are then reviewed. The chapter concludes by discussing various strategies for the prevention of crevice corrosion, namely design awareness, use of inhibitors, and potential control methods.
Book Chapter
Nanomaterials-Based Additive Manufacturing for the Production of 3D-Printed Batteries and Supercapacitors
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2024
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.pmamfa.t59400277
EISBN: 978-1-62708-479-6
... 12.18 ). To begin, a 3D virtual model is usually created using special software that is then cut into numerous horizontal cross sections in 2D. It is possible to fabricate a coherent 3D object by successively printing 2D layers on top of each other. Widely used types of 3D printing are: Vat...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the advantages and limitations of 3D printing technology for the production of batteries and supercapacitors. It explains how 3D printing methods facilitate the build of microdevices with hierarchical nanoarchitectures and controlled microstructure. It also reviews recent progress in fabricating electrodes and electrolytes using 3D-printed functional materials.
Book Chapter
Process Modeling in Impression-Die Forging Using Finite-Element Analysis
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 February 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.chffa.t51040193
EISBN: 978-1-62708-300-3
... Abstract This chapter discusses the use of finite-element modeling in forging design. It describes key modeling parameters and inputs, mesh generation and computation time, and process modeling outputs such as metal flow, strain rate, loading profiles, and microstructure. It also includes...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the use of finite-element modeling in forging design. It describes key modeling parameters and inputs, mesh generation and computation time, and process modeling outputs such as metal flow, strain rate, loading profiles, and microstructure. It also includes a variety of application examples.
Book Chapter
Melting and Conversion
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 March 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.stg2.t61280041
EISBN: 978-1-62708-267-9
... alloyed the material, the thinner the mushy zone must be to avoid the formation of freckles. The mushy zone thickness is affected by both melt rate and ingot diameter. This relationship is shown for IN-718 in Fig. 4.3 . ( Fig. 4.3 is a calculation from a solidification modeling program.) It is seen...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the melting and conversion of superalloys and the solidification challenges they present. Superalloys have high solute content which can lead to untreatable defects if they solidify too slowly. These defects, called freckles, are highly detrimental to fatigue life. The chapter explains how and why freckles form as well as how they can be prevented. It describes the criteria for selecting the proper melting method for specific alloys based on melt segregation and chemistry requirements. It compares standard processes, including electric arc furnace/argon oxygen decarburization melting, vacuum induction melting, vacuum arc remelting, and electroslag remelting. It also addresses related issues such as consumable remelt quality, control anomalies, melt pool characteristics, and melt-related defects, and includes a section that discusses the processes involved in converting cast ingots into mill products.
Book Chapter
Extrusion of Soft- and Medium-Grade Alloys
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 April 2025
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.aet2.t59420233
EISBN: 978-1-62708-487-1
... OF ALUMINUM ALLOY SHAPES represents the most advanced technology in alloy making, press design, tooling, and die design. The billet chemistry determines the type of alloy and its applications. The AA6 xxx series, considered to be soft-grade alloys, are widely used based on their having the best combination...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the extrusion technology of soft- and medium-strength aluminum alloys. The relative extrudability ratings of some soft- and medium-grade alloys are given. The chapter presents useful extrusion parameters and their relationships associated with day-to-day production practices in the aluminum extrusion industry. Useful parameters discussed include: extrusion runout; extrusion pressure; ram or extrusion speed control; and butt or extrusion discard thickness control. The chapter provides fundamental approaches to introducing and developing the design of experiments (DOE) for the aluminum extrusion plant to improve overall productivity. It also focuses on heat treatment of aluminum alloys.
Book Chapter
Photon Emission in Silicon Based Integrated Circuits
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mfadr7.t91110180
EISBN: 978-1-62708-247-1
.... Mc Kay [3] published light emission of avalanche breakdown in silicon, they introduced the term “Photon Emission” (PE). They distinguished this phenomenon from EL because of its wide spectral distribution that they could only describe by taking into account intraband kinetic energy exchange...
Abstract
Photon emission (PE) is one of the major optical techniques for contactless isolation of functional faults in integrated circuits (ICs) in full electrical operation. This article describes the fundamental mechanisms of PE in silicon based ICs. It presents the opportunities of contactless characterization for the most important electronic device, the MOS - Field Effect Transistor, the heart of ICs and their basic digital element, the CMOS inverter. The article discusses the specification and selection of detectors for proper PE applications. The main topics are image resolution, sensitivity, and spectral range of the detectors. The article also discusses the value and application of spectral information in the PE signal. It describes state of the art IC technologies. Finally, the article discusses the applications of PE in ICs and also I/O devices, integrated bipolar transistors in BiCMOS technologies, and parasitic bipolar effects like latch up.
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