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weldments
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Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cw.9781627083393
EISBN: 978-1-62708-339-3
Book: Corrosion of Weldments
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cw.t51820013
EISBN: 978-1-62708-339-3
.... It describes the issues related to corrosion of carbon steel weldments and remedial measures that have proven successful in specific cases. The major forms of environmentally assisted cracking affecting weldment corrosion are covered. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the effects of welding practice...
Abstract
Carbon and low-alloy steels are the most frequently welded metallic materials, and much of the welding metallurgy research has focused on this class of materials. Key metallurgical factors of interest include an understanding of the solidification of welds, microstructure of the weld and heat-affected zone (HAZ), solid-state phase transformations during welding, control of toughness in the HAZ, the effects of preheating and postweld heat treatment, and weld discontinuities. This chapter provides information on the classification of steels and the welding characteristics of each class. It describes the issues related to corrosion of carbon steel weldments and remedial measures that have proven successful in specific cases. The major forms of environmentally assisted cracking affecting weldment corrosion are covered. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the effects of welding practice on weldment corrosion.
Book Chapter
Book: Corrosion of Weldments
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cw.t51820043
EISBN: 978-1-62708-339-3
... cracking, and microbiologically influenced corrosion. austenitic stainless steel crevice corrosion intergranular corrosion microbiologically influenced corrosion pitting corrosion stress-corrosion cracking welding weldments AUSTENITIC STAINLESS STEELS exhibit a single-phase, face-centered...
Abstract
Austenitic stainless steels exhibit a single-phase, face-centered cubic structure that is maintained over a wide range of temperatures. This chapter provides a basic understanding of grade designations, properties, and welding considerations of austenitic stainless steels. It also discusses general types of corrosive attack and their effects on service integrity as well as detection and control measures. The five corrosive attack mechanisms covered are intergranular corrosion, preferential attack associated with weld metal precipitates, pitting and crevice corrosion, stress-corrosion cracking, and microbiologically influenced corrosion.
Book Chapter
Book: Corrosion of Weldments
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cw.t51820077
EISBN: 978-1-62708-339-3
... corrosion, which is the most common cause of failure in ferritic stainless steel weldments. Two case histories involving intergranular corrosion failures of ferritic stainless steel weldments are included. A brief discussion on hydrogen embrittlement is also provided. ferritic stainless steel...
Abstract
Ferritic stainless steels are essentially iron-chromium alloys with body-centered cubic crystal structures. Chromium content is usually in the range of 11 to 30%. The primary advantage of the ferritic stainless steels, and in particular the high-chromium, high-molybdenum grades, is their excellent stress-corrosion cracking resistance and good resistance to pitting and crevice corrosion in chloride environments. This chapter provides information on the classifications, properties, and general welding considerations of ferritic stainless steels. The emphasis is placed on intergranular corrosion, which is the most common cause of failure in ferritic stainless steel weldments. Two case histories involving intergranular corrosion failures of ferritic stainless steel weldments are included. A brief discussion on hydrogen embrittlement is also provided.
Book Chapter
Book: Corrosion of Weldments
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cw.t51820099
EISBN: 978-1-62708-339-3
... the influence of ferrite-austenite balance on corrosion resistance and the influence of different welding conditions on various material properties of alloy 2205 (UNS S31803). corrosion resistance duplex stainless steel weld corrosion welding weldments DUPLEX STAINLESS STEELS are two-phase alloys...
Abstract
Duplex stainless steels are two-phase alloys based on the iron-chromium-nickel system. Duplex stainless steels offer corrosion resistance and cost advantages over the common austenitic stainless steels. Although there are some problems with welding duplex alloys, considerable progress has been made in defining the correct parameters and chemistry modifications for achieving sound welds. This chapter provides a basic understanding of the development, grade designations, microstructure, properties, and general welding considerations of duplex stainless steel. It also discusses the influence of ferrite-austenite balance on corrosion resistance and the influence of different welding conditions on various material properties of alloy 2205 (UNS S31803).
Book Chapter
Book: Corrosion of Weldments
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cw.t51820115
EISBN: 978-1-62708-339-3
... in martensitic stainless steels and describes sulfide stress corrosion resistance of type 410 weldments. hydrogen-induced cracking martensitic stainless steel sulfide stress corrosion resistance weld corrosion welding weldments MARTENSITIC STAINLESS STEELS are essentially Fe-Cr-C alloys...
Abstract
Martensitic stainless steels are essentially iron-chromium-carbon alloys that possess a body-centered tetragonal crystal structure (martensitic) in the hardened condition. Martensitic stainless steels are similar to plain carbon or low-alloy steels that are austenitized, hardened by quenching, and then tempered for increased ductility and toughness. This chapter provides a basic understanding of grade designations, properties, corrosion resistance, and general welding considerations of martensitic stainless steels. It also discusses the causes for hydrogen-induced cracking in martensitic stainless steels and describes sulfide stress corrosion resistance of type 410 weldments.
Book Chapter
Book: Corrosion of Weldments
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cw.t51820125
EISBN: 978-1-62708-339-3
... corrosion welding weldments NICKEL-BASE ALLOYS are solid solutions based in the element nickel. Even though nickel-base alloys, in general, contain a large proportion of other alloying elements, these alloys maintain the face-centered cubic (fcc) structure from the nickel-base element...
Abstract
Nickel-base alloys used for low-temperature aqueous corrosion are commonly referred to as corrosion-resistant alloys (CRAs), and nickel alloys used for high-temperature applications are known as heat-resistant alloys, high-temperature alloys, or superalloys. The emphasis in this chapter is on the CRAs and in particular nickel-chromium-molybdenum alloys. The chapter provides a basic understanding of general welding considerations and describes the welding metallurgy of molybdenum-containing CRAs and of nickel-copper, nickel-chromium, and nickel-chromium-iron CRAs. It discusses the corrosion behavior of nickel-molybdenum alloys and nickel-chromium-molybdenum alloys. Information on the phase stability and corrosion behavior of nickel-base alloys is also included.
Book Chapter
Book: Corrosion of Weldments
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cw.t51820143
EISBN: 978-1-62708-339-3
... alloys copper copper alloys hydrogen pickup stress-corrosion cracking tantalum tantalum alloys titanium titanium alloys weld corrosion weldments zirconium zirconium alloys THE NONFERROUS ALLOYS described in this chapter include aluminum and aluminum alloys, copper and copper alloys...
Abstract
The nonferrous alloys described in this chapter include aluminum and aluminum alloys, copper and copper alloys, titanium and titanium alloys, zirconium and zirconium alloys, and tantalum and tantalum alloys. Some of the factors that affect the corrosion performance of welded nonferrous assemblies include galvanic effects, crevices, assembly stresses in products susceptible to stress-corrosion cracking, and hydrogen pickup and subsequent cracking. The emphasis is placed on the compositions, general welding considerations, and corrosion behavior of these alloys.
Book Chapter
Book: Corrosion of Weldments
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cw.t51820169
EISBN: 978-1-62708-339-3
... welding, explosion welding, friction welding, or ultrasonic welding), brazing, or soldering where alloying between the metals is normally insignificant. This chapter describes the factors influencing joint integrity and discusses the corrosion behavior of dissimilar metal weldments. brazing...
Abstract
Many factors must be considered when welding dissimilar metals, and adequate procedures for the various metals and sizes of interest for a specific application must be developed and qualified. Most combinations of dissimilar metals can be joined by solid-state welding (diffusion welding, explosion welding, friction welding, or ultrasonic welding), brazing, or soldering where alloying between the metals is normally insignificant. This chapter describes the factors influencing joint integrity and discusses the corrosion behavior of dissimilar metal weldments.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2017
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.sccmpe2.t55090349
EISBN: 978-1-62708-266-2
... in the base material and weld residual stresses. Incidents of SCC have been reported in BWR weldments of austenitic stainless steel pipe ranging from 76 to 710 mm (3 to 28 in.) in diameter. Most of the cracking has occurred in the recirculation piping system, but systems involving the core spray, reactor...
Abstract
This chapter examines the stress-corrosion cracking (SCC) failure of stainless steel pipe welds in boiling water reactor (BWR) service. It explains where most of the failures have occurred and provides relevant details about the materials of construction, fabrication techniques, environmental factors, and cracking characteristics. It includes a model that accounts for the primary factors involved in intergranular SCC, namely, tensile stresses above the yield stress of the base material, a sensitized microstructure, and reactor cooling water. The chapter also provides proven remedies and mitigation techniques corresponding to a wide range of issues related to stress, sensitization, and operating conditions.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cpi2.t55030089
EISBN: 978-1-62708-282-2
... Abstract This chapter describes issues related to corrosion of carbon steel weldments and remedial measures that have proven successful in specific cases. The forms of corrosion covered includes preferential heat affected zone corrosion, preferential weld metal corrosion, and galvanic corrosion...
Abstract
This chapter describes issues related to corrosion of carbon steel weldments and remedial measures that have proven successful in specific cases. The forms of corrosion covered includes preferential heat affected zone corrosion, preferential weld metal corrosion, and galvanic corrosion. Industrial case studies demonstrating the necessity for testing each galvanic couple in the environment for which it is intended are presented. The chapter also discusses various factors associated with stress-corrosion cracking in oil refineries.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cpi2.t55030096
EISBN: 978-1-62708-282-2
... Abstract This chapter discusses various factors that affect corrosion of stainless steel weldments. It begins by providing an overview of the metallurgical factors associated with welding. This is followed by a discussion on preferential attack associated with weld metal precipitates...
Abstract
This chapter discusses various factors that affect corrosion of stainless steel weldments. It begins by providing an overview of the metallurgical factors associated with welding. This is followed by a discussion on preferential attack associated with weld metal precipitates in austenitic stainless steels as well as several forms of corrosion associated with welding. The effects of gas-tungsten arc weld shielding gas composition and heat-tint oxides on corrosion resistance are then covered. Microbiological corrosion of butt welds in water tanks is also illustrated. In addition, the chapter provides information on corrosion of ferritic and duplex stainless steel weldments.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cpi2.t55030112
EISBN: 978-1-62708-282-2
... Abstract This chapter discusses some of the metallurgical factors that affect corrosion of weldments and describes a few considerations for selected nonferrous alloy systems: aluminum, titanium, tantalum, and nickel. weld corrosion weldments aluminum titanium tantalum nickel...
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 April 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.imub.t53720411
EISBN: 978-1-62708-305-8
... Abstract Weldments made by the various welding processes may contain discontinuities that are characteristic of that process. This chapter discusses the different welding processes as well as the discontinuities typical of each process. It provides a detailed discussion on the methods...
Abstract
Weldments made by the various welding processes may contain discontinuities that are characteristic of that process. This chapter discusses the different welding processes as well as the discontinuities typical of each process. It provides a detailed discussion on the methods of nondestructive inspection of weldments including visual inspection, liquid penetrant inspection, magnetic particle inspection, radiographic inspection, ultrasonic inspection, leak testing, and eddy current and electric current perturbation inspection. The chapter also describes the properties of brazing filler metals and the types of flaws exhibited by brazed joints.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 July 1997
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.wip.t65930085
EISBN: 978-1-62708-359-1
... weldments WELDED JOINTS in any component or structure require thorough inspection. The role of nondestructive evaluation (NDE) in the inspection of welds is very important, and the technology has become highly developed as a result. This article describes the applications, methods, and limitations...
Abstract
Welded joints in any component or structure require a thorough inspection. The role of nondestructive evaluation (NDE) in the inspection of welds is very important, and the technology has become highly developed as a result. This article describes the applications, methods, evaluation procedures, performance, and limitations of NDE. It provides information on the training and certification of NDE operators, evaluation of test results, and guidance to method selection. Typical examples of various NDE methods for welds are also described.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 July 1997
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.wip.t65930189
EISBN: 978-1-62708-359-1
... Abstract This article describes some of the general characteristics associated with the corrosion of weldments. The role of macrocompositional and microcompositional variations, a feature common to weldments, is emphasized in this article to bring out differences that need to be realized...
Abstract
This article describes some of the general characteristics associated with the corrosion of weldments. The role of macrocompositional and microcompositional variations, a feature common to weldments, is emphasized in this article to bring out differences that need to be realized in comparing corrosion of weldments to that of wrought materials. The article discusses the most important methods available to minimize corrosion in weldments.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 July 1997
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.wip.t65930197
EISBN: 978-1-62708-359-1
... Abstract Weldment failures may be divided into two classes: those identified during inspection and mechanical testing and those discovered in service. Failures in service arise from fracture, wear, corrosion, or deformation. In this article, major attention is directed toward the analysis...
Abstract
Weldment failures may be divided into two classes: those identified during inspection and mechanical testing and those discovered in service. Failures in service arise from fracture, wear, corrosion, or deformation. In this article, major attention is directed toward the analysis of service failures. The discussion covers various factors that may lead to the failure of arc welds, electroslag welds, electrogas welds, resistance welds, flash welds, upset butt welds, friction welds, electron beam welds, and laser beam welds.
Image
Published: 01 December 2006
Fig. 5 Intergranular corrosion (weld decay) of stainless steel weldments
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Image
Published: 01 December 2006
Fig. 22 MIC of stainless steel weldments. (a) MIC showing a surface view of interdendritic attack at the fusion line of a stainless steel weldment. “A,” nondendritic; “D,” dendrite. (b) Cross section of MIC at a stainless steel weldment showing extensive corrosion of weld metal and fusion line
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Image
Published: 01 December 2006
Fig. 3 Corrosion of three aluminum weldments in HNO 3 service. (a) and (b) Gas tungsten arc (GTA) and oxyacetylene welds, respectively, showing crevice corrosion on the inside surface. (c) Standard GTA weld with full penetration is resistant to crevice corrosion.
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