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welded joints
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Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.jub.t53290099
EISBN: 978-1-62708-306-5
... concentration due to weld shape and joint geometry; stress concentration due to weld imperfections; and residual welding stresses. Inspection and characterization of welds are described in the final section of this chapter. cast iron fusion welding residual stress solid-state transformation steel...
Abstract
During fusion welding, the thermal cycles produced by the moving heat source causes physical state changes, metallurgical phase transformations, and transient thermal stresses and metal movement. This chapter begins by discussing weld metal solidification behavior and the solid-state transformations of the main classes of metals and alloys during fusion welding. The main classes include work- or strain-hardened metals and alloys, precipitation-hardened alloys, transformation-hardened steels and cast irons, stainless steels, and solid-solution and dispersion-hardened alloys. The following section provides information on the residual stresses and distortion that remain after welding. The focus then shifts to distortion control of weldments. Inclusions and cracking are discussed in detail. The chapter also discusses the causes for reduced fatigue strength of a component by a weld: stress concentration due to weld shape and joint geometry; stress concentration due to weld imperfections; and residual welding stresses. Inspection and characterization of welds are described in the final section of this chapter.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 March 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.stg2.t61280149
EISBN: 978-1-62708-267-9
... decisions. It discusses the basic concepts of fusion welding and the differences between solid-solution-hardened and precipitation-hardened wrought superalloys. It addresses joint integrity, design, weld-related cracking, and the effect of grain size, precipitates, and contaminants. It covers common fusion...
Abstract
Superalloys, except those with high aluminum and titanium contents, are welded with little difficulty. They can also be successfully brazed. This chapter describes the welding and brazing processes most often used and the factors that must be considered when making application decisions. It discusses the basic concepts of fusion welding and the differences between solid-solution-hardened and precipitation-hardened wrought superalloys. It addresses joint integrity, design, weld-related cracking, and the effect of grain size, precipitates, and contaminants. It covers common fusion welding techniques, defect prevention, fixturing, heat treatments, and general practices, including the use of filler metals. It also discusses several solid-state welding methods, superplastic forming, and transient liquid phase bonding, a type of diffusion welding process. The chapter includes extensive information on brazing processes, atmospheres, filler metals, and surface preparation procedures. It also includes examples of nickel-base welded components for aerospace use.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ssde.t52310201
EISBN: 978-1-62708-286-0
... stainless steels requires knowledge of both the technology of the welding or joining process and the response of the steel to the thermal and mechanical effects of the process. The welding process must, of course, produce a sound joint, but it must also result in the weld and its surrounding affected metal...
Abstract
This chapter provides a basis for understanding the influence of stainless steel alloy composition and metallurgy on the welding process, which involves complex dynamics associated with melting, refining, and thermal processing. It begins with an overview of the welding characteristics of the categories of stainless steels, namely austenitic, duplex, ferritic, martensitic, and precipitation-hardening stainless steels. This is followed by a discussion of the selection criteria for materials to be welded. Various welding processes used with stainless steel are then described. The chapter ends with a section on some of the practices to ensure safety and weld quality.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.jub.t53290023
EISBN: 978-1-62708-306-5
... variations in terms of their productivity versus the relative cost of equipment. Fig. 2.1 Approximate relationship between capital cost of welding equipment and speed at which sheet metal joints can be produced, for five welding process variations. Source: Ref 2.1 The term arc welding...
Abstract
Arc welding applies to a large and diversified group of welding processes that use an electric arc as the source of heat to melt and join metals. This chapter provides a detailed overview of specific arc welding methods: shielded metal arc welding, flux cored arc welding, submerged arc welding, gas metal arc welding, gas tungsten arc welding, plasma arc welding, plasma-GMAW welding, electroslag welding, and electrogas welding. The basic characteristics of gases used for shielding during arc welding are briefly discussed.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.jub.t53290279
EISBN: 978-1-62708-306-5
... methods are covered. The factors influencing joint integrity and the main considerations in welding dissimilar metal combinations are also discussed. adhesive bonding brazing ceramics dissimilar metal welding mechanical fastening plastics welding A NUMBER OF materials and material...
Abstract
This chapter reviews materials issues encountered in joining, including challenges involved in welding of dissimilar metal combinations; joining of plastics by mechanical fastening, solvent and adhesive bonding, and welding; joining of thermoset and thermoplastic composite materials by mechanical fastening, adhesive bonding, and, for thermoplastic composites, welding; the making of glass-to-metal seals; and joining of oxide and nonoxide ceramics to themselves and to metals by solid-state processes and by brazing. The classification, types, applications, and the mechanism of each of these methods are covered. The factors influencing joint integrity and the main considerations in welding dissimilar metal combinations are also discussed.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.jub.t53290137
EISBN: 978-1-62708-306-5
... associated with diffusion bonding and welding processes. These processes use either deformation or diffusion and limited deformation to produce high-quality joints between both similar and/or dissimilar materials. Specific solid-state welding processes include: Diffusion welding, also commonly referred...
Abstract
Solid-state welding processes are those that produce coalescence of the faying surfaces at temperatures below the melting point of the base metals being joined without the addition of brazing or solder filler metal. This chapter discusses solid-state welding processes such as diffusion welding, forge welding, roll welding, coextrusion welding, cold welding, friction welding, friction stir welding, explosion welding, and ultrasonic welding.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.jub.t53290079
EISBN: 978-1-62708-306-5
... with a copper alloy filler metal (rod) and a flux. Braze welding is similar to torch brazing with a filler rod, except that joint openings are wider and distribution of filler metal takes place by deposition rather than by capillary action. Equipment and some filler metals used in braze welding are the...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the fusion welding processes, namely oxyfuel gas welding, oxyacetylene braze welding, stud welding (stud arc welding and capacitor discharge stud welding), high-frequency welding, electron beam welding, laser beam welding, hybrid laser arc welding, and thermit welding.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 April 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.imub.t53720411
EISBN: 978-1-62708-305-8
... metals and the types of flaws exhibited by brazed joints. brazed joints brazing filler metals eddy current inspection liquid penetrant inspection magnetic particle inspection nondestructive inspection radiographic inspection ultrasonic inspection visual inspection welding weldments...
Abstract
Weldments made by the various welding processes may contain discontinuities that are characteristic of that process. This chapter discusses the different welding processes as well as the discontinuities typical of each process. It provides a detailed discussion on the methods of nondestructive inspection of weldments including visual inspection, liquid penetrant inspection, magnetic particle inspection, radiographic inspection, ultrasonic inspection, leak testing, and eddy current and electric current perturbation inspection. The chapter also describes the properties of brazing filler metals and the types of flaws exhibited by brazed joints.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.jub.t53290061
EISBN: 978-1-62708-306-5
... generated by the resistance to the flow of an electrical current through the parts being joined. It is most commonly used to weld two overlapping sheets or plates that may have different thicknesses. A pair of electrodes conducts electrical current to the joint. Resistance to the current flow heats the...
Abstract
Resistance welding is a group of processes in which the heat for welding is generated by the resistance to the flow of an electrical current through the parts being joined. This chapter discusses the processes, advantages, and limitations of specific resistance welding processes, namely resistance spot welding, resistance seam welding, projection welding, flash welding, and upset welding.
Book Chapter
Book: Systems Failure Analysis
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2009
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.sfa.t52780131
EISBN: 978-1-62708-268-6
... Abstract Leaks can occur as the result of several failure causes. This chapter reviews the causes, features, and impact of various types of leaks, namely gasket leaks, O-ring leaks, bond-joint leaks, weld leaks, polyvinyl chloride leaks, valve leaks, and structural leaks. bond-joint leaks...
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.jub.t53290165
EISBN: 978-1-62708-306-5
... process temperature is relatively low, so there is no need for the heat to be applied locally, as in welding. Brazing and soldering allow considerable freedom in the dimensioning of joints, so it is possible to obtain good results even if a variety of components are used on the same product. The...
Abstract
Brazing and soldering processes use a molten filler metal to wet the mating surfaces of a joint, with or without the aid of a fluxing agent, leading to the formation of a metallurgical bond between the filler and the respective components. This chapter discusses the characteristics, advantages, and disadvantages of brazing and soldering. The first part focuses on the fundamentals of the brazing process and provides information on filler metals and specific brazing methods. The soldering portion of the chapters provides information on solder alloys used, selection criteria for base metal, the processes involved in precleaning and surface preparation, types of fluxes used, solder joint design, and solder heating methods.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 September 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.fahtsc.t51130503
EISBN: 978-1-62708-284-6
... to reduce weld joint strength and promote cracking, such as fatigue failures. A description of the wide variety of discontinuities that can occur in steel weld metal and base metal is provided by many welding codes, one of which is the American Association of State Highway Transportation Officials...
Abstract
Failure analysis of steel welds may be divided into three categories. They include failures due to design deficiencies, weld-related defects usually found during inspection, and failures in field service. This chapter emphasizes the failures due to various discontinuities in the steel weldment. These include poor workmanship, a variety of hydrogen-assisted cracking failures, stress-corrosion cracking, fatigue, and solidification cracking in steel welds. Hydrogen-assisted cracking can appear in four common forms, namely underbead or delayed cracking, weld metal fisheyes, ferrite vein cracking, and hydrogen-assisted reduced ductility.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 September 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.fahtsc.t51130151
EISBN: 978-1-62708-284-6
... the liquid metal, even at the appropriate temperature, cannot fill them completely. The component that shows this kind of defect, depending on the size and location of the joint, must be discarded, since recovery with a weld is not recommended from a metallurgical point of view or, depending on...
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.jub.t53290243
EISBN: 978-1-62708-306-5
... effect compared with riveted or spot-welded constructions. While rivets or spot welds provide local point stiffening, bonded joints provide stiffening over the entire bonded area. The significance of this effect is shown in Fig. 9.1 , where bonded joints may increase the buckling strength of the...
Abstract
Adhesive bonding is a widely used industrial joining process in which a polymeric material is used to join two separate pieces (the adherends or substrates). This chapter begins with a discussion on the advantages and disadvantages of adhesive bonding, followed by a section providing information on the theory of adhesion. The chapter then describes the considerations for designing adhesively bonded joints and for testing or characterizing adhesive materials. The following section covers the characteristics of the most important synthetic adhesive systems and five groups of adhesives, namely structural, hot melt, pressure sensitive, water based, and ultraviolet and electron beam cured. The chapter ends with a discussion on some general guidelines for adhesive bonding and the basic steps in the adhesive bonding process.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.jub.t53290207
EISBN: 978-1-62708-306-5
... Abstract This chapter presents a comprehensive coverage of mechanical fastening methods. It begins with a discussion on the advantages and disadvantages of mechanical fastening followed by sections providing information on mechanically fastened joints and the selection of the correct fastener...
Abstract
This chapter presents a comprehensive coverage of mechanical fastening methods. It begins with a discussion on the advantages and disadvantages of mechanical fastening followed by sections providing information on mechanically fastened joints and the selection of the correct fastener system. The chapter then describes important structural fasteners, namely bolts, screws, pins, collar fasteners, rivets, blind fasteners, machine pins, and spring clip fasteners. The following sections describe the process involved in presses, shrink fits, hole generation, and fastener installation. The chapter ends with information on miscellaneous mechanical fastening methods.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.jub.t53290001
EISBN: 978-1-62708-306-5
... bonding ( Fig. 1.2 ). Mechanical fastening can be used to provide either temporary or permanent joints, while adhesive bonding, welding, brazing, and soldering processes are mainly used to provide permanent joints. Mechanical fastening and adhesive bonding usually do not cause metallurgical reactions...
Abstract
Joining comprises a large number of processes used to assemble individual parts into a larger, more complex component or assembly. The selection of an appropriate design to join parts is based on several considerations related to both the product and the joining process. Many product design departments now improve the ease with which products are assembled by using design for assembly (DFA) techniques, which seek to ensure ease of assembly by developing designs that are easy to assemble. This chapter discusses the general guidelines for DFA and concurrent engineering rules before examining the various joining processes, namely fusion welding, solid-state welding, brazing, soldering, mechanical fastening, and adhesive bonding. In addition, it provides information on several design considerations related to the joining process and selection of the appropriate process for joining.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.aub.t61170003
EISBN: 978-1-62708-297-6
... aluminum weld wire to increase its fluidity and to ensure production of sound welds. Another factor that must be considered, however, is the mechanical constraint on the freezing metal that the weld joint produces. If there are any low-melting second-phase materials in the grain boundaries, hot tears can...
Abstract
This article discusses the general purpose of alloying and identifies some of the material properties and behaviors that can be improved by adding various elements to the base metal. It explains how alloying can make metals stronger and more resistant to corrosion and wear as well as easier to cast, weld, form, and machine. It also discusses some of the alloying techniques that have been developed to address problems stemming from dissimilarities between the base metal and alloying or inoculate material.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 September 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.fahtsc.t51130001
EISBN: 978-1-62708-284-6
... performance of the design process of a component. A heat-transfer model, coupling with a phase transformation model, a thermomechanical model, and a thermochemical model, is also considered. The chapter further provides information on the failure aspects of and heat treatment procedures applied to welded...
Abstract
A systematic procedure for minimizing risks involved in heat treated steel components requires a combination of metallurgical failure analysis and fitness for service with respect to safety and reliability based on risk analysis. This chapter begins with an overview of heat treat processing of steels. This is followed by sections on various aspects of heat treatment design and heat treating practices for minimizing distortion. Influence of design, steel grade, and condition is then illustrated in the examples of failures due to heat treatment. A procedure is analyzed to improve the performance of the design process of a component. A heat-transfer model, coupling with a phase transformation model, a thermomechanical model, and a thermochemical model, is also considered. The chapter further provides information on the failure aspects of and heat treatment procedures applied to welded components. It ends with a section on risk-based approach applicable to heat treated steel components.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 April 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.imub.t53720345
EISBN: 978-1-62708-305-8
...-dimensional and have little or no effect on the radiographic film. However, when the ends of resistance welded pipe are butt welded together, arc welding is frequently used, and the method normally used to inspect arc welded joints is radiography. Flaws in seamless tubular products may occur at any point...
Abstract
Wrought tubular products are nondestructively inspected chiefly by eddy current techniques (including the magnetic flux leakage technique) and by ultrasonic techniques. The methods discussed in this chapter include eddy current inspection, flux leakage inspection, ultrasonic inspection, magnetic particle inspection, liquid penetrant inspection, and radiographic inspection of resistance welded tubular products, seamless steel tubular products, and nonferrous tubular products. This chapter discusses the fundamental factors that should be considered in selecting a nondestructive inspection method and in selecting from among the commercially available inspection equipment. The factors covered are product characteristics, nature of the flaws, extraneous variables, rate of inspection, end effect, mill versus laboratory inspection, specification requirements, equipment costs, and operating costs.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.aub.t61170351
EISBN: 978-1-62708-297-6
..., and tanks requiring high weld efficiency and maximum joint strength. Used in pressure vessels up to 65 °C (150 °F) and in many cryogenic applications, bridges, freight cars, marine components, TV towers, drilling rigs, transportation equipment, missile components, and dump truck bodies. Good corrosion...
Abstract
This article discusses the composition, structures, properties, and behaviors of aluminum alloys and explains how they correspond to specific alloying elements. It begins with an overview of the general characteristics of wrought and cast aluminum alloys, the four-digit classification system by which they are defined, and the applications for which they are suited. It then explains how primary alloying elements, second-phase constituents, and impurities affect yield strength, phase formation, and grain size and how they induce structural changes that help refine certain alloys. The article also explains how primary alloying elements affect corrosion and wear behaviors and how they influence fabrication processes such as forming, forging, welding, brazing, and soldering.