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weld pool
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Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.jub.t53290023
EISBN: 978-1-62708-306-5
... oxidation. Shielding gases are used to protect the molten metal from atmospheric nitrogen and oxygen as the weld pool is being formed. The shielding gas also promotes a stable arc and uniform metal transfer. In gas metal arc welding (GMAW) and flux cored arc welding (FCAW), the gas used has...
Abstract
Arc welding applies to a large and diversified group of welding processes that use an electric arc as the source of heat to melt and join metals. This chapter provides a detailed overview of specific arc welding methods: shielded metal arc welding, flux cored arc welding, submerged arc welding, gas metal arc welding, gas tungsten arc welding, plasma arc welding, plasma-GMAW welding, electroslag welding, and electrogas welding. The basic characteristics of gases used for shielding during arc welding are briefly discussed.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.jub.t53290099
EISBN: 978-1-62708-306-5
... with the oxyacetylene process. It is inherently slow and does not require rapid response time in order to control the size of the weld puddle. Greater skill is needed to control the more rapid fluctuations in arc processes. The weld pool created by the high-heat-intensity processes, such as laser beam and electron beam...
Abstract
During fusion welding, the thermal cycles produced by the moving heat source causes physical state changes, metallurgical phase transformations, and transient thermal stresses and metal movement. This chapter begins by discussing weld metal solidification behavior and the solid-state transformations of the main classes of metals and alloys during fusion welding. The main classes include work- or strain-hardened metals and alloys, precipitation-hardened alloys, transformation-hardened steels and cast irons, stainless steels, and solid-solution and dispersion-hardened alloys. The following section provides information on the residual stresses and distortion that remain after welding. The focus then shifts to distortion control of weldments. Inclusions and cracking are discussed in detail. The chapter also discusses the causes for reduced fatigue strength of a component by a weld: stress concentration due to weld shape and joint geometry; stress concentration due to weld imperfections; and residual welding stresses. Inspection and characterization of welds are described in the final section of this chapter.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ssde.t52310201
EISBN: 978-1-62708-286-0
... Marangoni effect. This effect exploits the temperature-dependent surface concentration of sulfur in the weld pool, which causes a decreased surface tension toward the hotter center of the pool, causing the molten pool to flow toward the center on the surface and then flow downward, shooting the hottest...
Abstract
This chapter provides a basis for understanding the influence of stainless steel alloy composition and metallurgy on the welding process, which involves complex dynamics associated with melting, refining, and thermal processing. It begins with an overview of the welding characteristics of the categories of stainless steels, namely austenitic, duplex, ferritic, martensitic, and precipitation-hardening stainless steels. This is followed by a discussion of the selection criteria for materials to be welded. Various welding processes used with stainless steel are then described. The chapter ends with a section on some of the practices to ensure safety and weld quality.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 1999
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.lmcs.t66560309
EISBN: 978-1-62708-291-4
... nonmetallic inclusions. Unetched. 1000×. (f) Weld interface. Arrows indicate the width of partly melted zone at the weld interface. Aqueous picral. 50×. Fig. 11.15 (Part 3) (g) Shape of a typical weld pool and the direction of growth of columnar grains of weld metal as the pool moves...
Abstract
This chapter examines the effects of welding on the structure of metal, particularly the changes induced in the isothermal regions adjacent to the weld. It presents more than 150 images identifying structures and features associated with fusion and solid-state welding processes, including electroslag, TIG, gas, electron-beam, and arc welding as well as vacuum diffusion, forge, friction, electrical-resistance, and explosive welding. It also discusses the effect of welding temperature, pressure, and composition on the transformations that occur in and around the weld, and it includes a short section on brazing and braze welding.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 July 2009
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.bcp.t52230401
EISBN: 978-1-62708-298-3
... effective heat input will minimize the grain size as well as provide a narrow HAZ (heat input (joules/meter) = [(current × voltage)/(welding speed)]; current × voltage is in joules/second, and speed is in meters/second). High travel speeds are to be avoided, because the elongation of the weld pool increases...
Abstract
Beryllium has been successfully joined by fusion welding, brazing, solid-state bonding, and soldering. This chapter describes these processes in detail along with their advantages and disadvantages. It also addresses application considerations such as surface preparation, joint design, and testing.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.jub.t53290079
EISBN: 978-1-62708-306-5
... welding include the ability to control heat input, bridge large gaps, avoid melt-through, and clearly view the weld pool. Carbon steel sheet, formed in a variety of shapes, often can be welded more economically by oxyfuel gas welding than by other processes. Oxyfuel gas welding is capable of joining small...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the fusion welding processes, namely oxyfuel gas welding, oxyacetylene braze welding, stud welding (stud arc welding and capacitor discharge stud welding), high-frequency welding, electron beam welding, laser beam welding, hybrid laser arc welding, and thermit welding.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cpi2.t55030112
EISBN: 978-1-62708-282-2
... to that of properly annealed base metal because of: Microsegregation Precipitation of secondary phases Formation of unmixed zones Recrystallization and grain growth in the weld heat-affected zone (HAZ) Volatilization of alloying elements from the molten weld pool Contamination of the solidifying...
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1995
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.sch6.t68200369
EISBN: 978-1-62708-354-6
... is added to the molten weld pool in a similar manner to oxy-fuel gas welding ( Figure 25-2 ). The advantage of the GTAW process is the availability of filler metal for stainless and high alloys. While many of the common alloys are available in bare wire form, variations in alloy content, or exotic alloys...
Abstract
This chapter covers the basics of weldability of cast steels such as carbon and low alloy steels, corrosion-resistant high alloy steels, nickel-base alloys, heat-resistant high alloy steels, and wear-resistant high austenitic manganese steels. It provides an overview of weld overlay and hard facing; cast-weld construction; and plasma arc cutting and plasma arc welding. The chapter discusses different types of welding processes. These include shielded metal-arc welding, air carbon arc cutting process, gas tungsten-arc welding, gas metal-arc welding process, flux-cored arc welding, submerged arc welding, and electroslag and electro-gas welding.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 March 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.stg2.t61280149
EISBN: 978-1-62708-267-9
... 25 (L-605) 1175–1230 2150–2250 1040 1900 Conditions for gas tungsten arc welding of superalloys Table 9.4 Conditions for gas tungsten arc welding of superalloys Base-metal thickness, in. (mm) Diameter of filler metal (a) , in. (mm) Electrode diameter (b) , in. (mm) Shielding...
Abstract
Superalloys, except those with high aluminum and titanium contents, are welded with little difficulty. They can also be successfully brazed. This chapter describes the welding and brazing processes most often used and the factors that must be considered when making application decisions. It discusses the basic concepts of fusion welding and the differences between solid-solution-hardened and precipitation-hardened wrought superalloys. It addresses joint integrity, design, weld-related cracking, and the effect of grain size, precipitates, and contaminants. It covers common fusion welding techniques, defect prevention, fixturing, heat treatments, and general practices, including the use of filler metals. It also discusses several solid-state welding methods, superplastic forming, and transient liquid phase bonding, a type of diffusion welding process. The chapter includes extensive information on brazing processes, atmospheres, filler metals, and surface preparation procedures. It also includes examples of nickel-base welded components for aerospace use.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2012
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ffub.t53610585
EISBN: 978-1-62708-303-4
... high-speed welding to improve productivity can have detrimental effects. Formation of a teardrop-shaped weld pool, which may occur as the weld travel speed increases, can result in centerline solidification cracks. The solidification pattern associated with this type of weld pool...
Abstract
This appendix provides detailed information on design deficiencies, material and manufacturing defects, and service-life anomalies. It covers ingot-related defects, forging and sheet forming imperfections, casting defects, heat treating defects, and weld discontinuities. It shows how application life is affected by the severity of service conditions and discusses the consequences of using inappropriate materials.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.fibtca.t52430351
EISBN: 978-1-62708-253-2
... profile across the weld region; HAZ, heat-affected zone; PM, parent metal Fig. 6.164 Longitudinal cut section of the tube near puncture, in macro-etched condition showing weld pool having porosities and uneven bead indicating lack of penetration Fig. 6.165 Low-magnification views...
Abstract
Boiler tube failures associated with material defects are often the result of poor quality control, whether in primary production, on-site fabrication, storage and handling, or installation. This chapter examines quality-related failures stemming from compositional and structural defects, forming and welding defects, design defects, improper cleaning methods, and ineffective maintenance. It also includes case studies and illustrations.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cpi2.t55030096
EISBN: 978-1-62708-282-2
... and grain growth in the weld heat-affected zone (HAZ) Volatilization of alloying elements from the molten weld pool Contamination of the solidifying weld pool Corrosion resistance can usually be maintained in the welded condition by: Balancing alloy compositions to inhibit certain...
Abstract
This chapter discusses various factors that affect corrosion of stainless steel weldments. It begins by providing an overview of the metallurgical factors associated with welding. This is followed by a discussion on preferential attack associated with weld metal precipitates in austenitic stainless steels as well as several forms of corrosion associated with welding. The effects of gas-tungsten arc weld shielding gas composition and heat-tint oxides on corrosion resistance are then covered. Microbiological corrosion of butt welds in water tanks is also illustrated. In addition, the chapter provides information on corrosion of ferritic and duplex stainless steel weldments.
Book Chapter
Book: Corrosion of Weldments
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cw.t51820043
EISBN: 978-1-62708-339-3
... pool of the austenitic stainless steels also tends to be more viscous, or “sluggish,” than ferritic and martensitic grades. This impedes the metal flow and wettability of welds in these materials, which may promote lack-of-fusion defects. A major concern, when welding the austenitic stainless...
Abstract
Austenitic stainless steels exhibit a single-phase, face-centered cubic structure that is maintained over a wide range of temperatures. This chapter provides a basic understanding of grade designations, properties, and welding considerations of austenitic stainless steels. It also discusses general types of corrosive attack and their effects on service integrity as well as detection and control measures. The five corrosive attack mechanisms covered are intergranular corrosion, preferential attack associated with weld metal precipitates, pitting and crevice corrosion, stress-corrosion cracking, and microbiologically influenced corrosion.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 April 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.imub.t53720411
EISBN: 978-1-62708-305-8
... penetration is less than that specified Craters: Depressions at the termination of a weld bead or in the molten weld pool Melt-through: A condition resulting when the arc melts through the bottom of a joint welded from one side Spatter: Metal particles expelled during welding and deposited...
Abstract
Weldments made by the various welding processes may contain discontinuities that are characteristic of that process. This chapter discusses the different welding processes as well as the discontinuities typical of each process. It provides a detailed discussion on the methods of nondestructive inspection of weldments including visual inspection, liquid penetrant inspection, magnetic particle inspection, radiographic inspection, ultrasonic inspection, leak testing, and eddy current and electric current perturbation inspection. The chapter also describes the properties of brazing filler metals and the types of flaws exhibited by brazed joints.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ttg2.t61120065
EISBN: 978-1-62708-269-3
.... These solute-enriched or solute-depleted bands normally appear as curvilinear contours on the polished and etched weldment surface and are attributed to thermal variations in the weld pool, which periodically change the solid-liquid interface velocity. Transverse solute banding has occurred using both arc...
Abstract
This chapter covers the welding characteristics of titanium along with the factors that determine which welding method is most appropriate for a given application. It discusses the joinability of titanium alloys, the effect of heat on microstructure, the cause of various defects, and the need for contaminant-free surfaces and atmospheres. It describes common forms of fusion, arc, and solid-state welding along with the use of filler metals, shielding gases, and stress-relief treatments. It also discusses the practice of titanium brazing and the role of filler metals.
Book Chapter
Book: Corrosion of Weldments
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cw.t51820001
EISBN: 978-1-62708-339-3
... zone (HAZ) Volatilization of alloying elements from the molten weld pool Contamination of the solidifying weld pool Corrosion resistance can usually be maintained in the welded condition by balancing alloy compositions to inhibit certain precipitation reactions, by shielding molten and hot...
Abstract
Corrosion failures of welds can occur even when the proper base metal and filler metal have been selected, industry codes and standards have been followed, and welds have been deposited that possess full weld penetration and have proper shape and contour. This chapter describes some of the general characteristics associated with the corrosion of weldments. The role of macro- and microcompositional variations, a feature common to weldments, is emphasized in this chapter to bring out differences that need to be realized in comparing the corrosion of weldments to that of wrought materials. The discussion covers the factors influencing corrosion of weldments, microstructural features of weld microstructures, various forms of weld corrosion, and welding practice to minimize corrosion.
Book Chapter
Book: Corrosion of Weldments
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cw.t51820169
EISBN: 978-1-62708-339-3
... Thermal Conductivity Most metals and alloys are relatively good conductors of heat, but some are much better than others. Rapid conduction of heat from the molten weld pool by an adjacent base metal may affect the energy input required to locally melt the base metal. When two dissimilar metals...
Abstract
Many factors must be considered when welding dissimilar metals, and adequate procedures for the various metals and sizes of interest for a specific application must be developed and qualified. Most combinations of dissimilar metals can be joined by solid-state welding (diffusion welding, explosion welding, friction welding, or ultrasonic welding), brazing, or soldering where alloying between the metals is normally insignificant. This chapter describes the factors influencing joint integrity and discusses the corrosion behavior of dissimilar metal weldments.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 October 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mnm2.t53060117
EISBN: 978-1-62708-261-7
... and the weld pool ( Fig. 6.26 ). This welding process has its origins in the 1800s, but it was not until the early 1900s that coverings for these electrodes began to be developed. In the 1930s this method of welding began to grow in popularity and retains an important role in the welding industry. The SMAW...
Abstract
This chapter describes the processes involved in the fabrication of wrought and cast metal products. It discusses deformation processes including bending and forming, material removal processes such as milling, cutting, and grinding, and joining methods including welding, soldering, and brazing. It also discusses powder consolidation, rolling, drawing and extrusion, and common forging methods.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 March 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.stg2.t61280041
EISBN: 978-1-62708-267-9
.../argon oxygen decarburization melting, vacuum induction melting, vacuum arc remelting, and electroslag remelting. It also addresses related issues such as consumable remelt quality, control anomalies, melt pool characteristics, and melt-related defects, and includes a section that discusses the processes...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the melting and conversion of superalloys and the solidification challenges they present. Superalloys have high solute content which can lead to untreatable defects if they solidify too slowly. These defects, called freckles, are highly detrimental to fatigue life. The chapter explains how and why freckles form as well as how they can be prevented. It describes the criteria for selecting the proper melting method for specific alloys based on melt segregation and chemistry requirements. It compares standard processes, including electric arc furnace/argon oxygen decarburization melting, vacuum induction melting, vacuum arc remelting, and electroslag remelting. It also addresses related issues such as consumable remelt quality, control anomalies, melt pool characteristics, and melt-related defects, and includes a section that discusses the processes involved in converting cast ingots into mill products.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ssde.t52310155
EISBN: 978-1-62708-286-0
...) welding penetration (see Chapter 17 ) and at high levels (0.15%+) for machinability (see Chapter 15 ). These trade-offs, which are beneficial to processors, should be viewed with skepticism by end users, whose product integrity is compromised. There are processing methods for which higher levels...
Abstract
This article discusses the steps in the primary processing of stainless steels: melting, refining, remelting, casting, and hot rolling. It provides information of the major categories of defects in hot rolled stainless steels, namely hot mill defects, inclusion-related defects, and hot ductility-related defects.