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weld discontinuities
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Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 July 1997
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.wip.t65930057
EISBN: 978-1-62708-359-1
... Abstract Discontinuities are interruptions in the desirable physical structure of a weld. This article describes the types of weld discontinuities that are characteristic of the principal welding processes. Discontinuities covered are metallurgical discontinuities, discontinuities associated...
Abstract
Discontinuities are interruptions in the desirable physical structure of a weld. This article describes the types of weld discontinuities that are characteristic of the principal welding processes. Discontinuities covered are metallurgical discontinuities, discontinuities associated with specialized welding processes, and base metal discontinuities. In addition, information on the common inspection methods used to detect these discontinuities is provided.
Image
Published: 01 April 2013
Fig. 5 Weld discontinuities affecting weld shape and contour. (a) Undercut and overlapping in a fillet weld. (b) Undercut and overlapping in a groove weld. (c) and (d) Underfill in groove welds. Source: Ref 1
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Image
Published: 01 November 2011
Fig. 5.20 Weld discontinuities affect weld shape and contour: (a) undercut and overlapping a fillet weld, (b) undercut and overlapping in a groove weld, and (c) and (d) underfill in groove welds. Source: Ref 5.9
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Image
Published: 01 November 2012
Fig. 19 Weld discontinuities affect weld shape and contour. (a) Undercut and overlapping a fillet weld. (b) Undercut and overlapping in a groove weld. (c) and (d) Underfill in groove welds. Source: Ref 14
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Image
Published: 01 July 1997
Fig. 5 Weld discontinuities affecting weld shape and contour. (a) Undercut and overlapping in a fillet weld. (b) Undercut and overlapping in a groove weld. (c) and (d) Underfill in groove welds
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Book: Corrosion of Weldments
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cw.t51820013
EISBN: 978-1-62708-339-3
... and heat-affected zone (HAZ), solid-state phase transformations during welding, control of toughness in the HAZ, the effects of preheating and postweld heat treatment, and weld discontinuities. This chapter provides information on the classification of steels and the welding characteristics of each class...
Abstract
Carbon and low-alloy steels are the most frequently welded metallic materials, and much of the welding metallurgy research has focused on this class of materials. Key metallurgical factors of interest include an understanding of the solidification of welds, microstructure of the weld and heat-affected zone (HAZ), solid-state phase transformations during welding, control of toughness in the HAZ, the effects of preheating and postweld heat treatment, and weld discontinuities. This chapter provides information on the classification of steels and the welding characteristics of each class. It describes the issues related to corrosion of carbon steel weldments and remedial measures that have proven successful in specific cases. The major forms of environmentally assisted cracking affecting weldment corrosion are covered. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the effects of welding practice on weldment corrosion.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2012
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ffub.t53610585
EISBN: 978-1-62708-303-4
... Abstract This appendix provides detailed information on design deficiencies, material and manufacturing defects, and service-life anomalies. It covers ingot-related defects, forging and sheet forming imperfections, casting defects, heat treating defects, and weld discontinuities. It shows how...
Abstract
This appendix provides detailed information on design deficiencies, material and manufacturing defects, and service-life anomalies. It covers ingot-related defects, forging and sheet forming imperfections, casting defects, heat treating defects, and weld discontinuities. It shows how application life is affected by the severity of service conditions and discusses the consequences of using inappropriate materials.
Image
Published: 01 July 1997
Fig. 2 Conceptual drawing of fatigue crack initiation and growth at the toe of (left) a “Nominal” groove welded butt joint having a substantial (⋍0.1 in. depth) weld discontinuity (slag entrapment) at the root of the critical notch (weld toe) and (right) an “Ideal” weldment with good wetting
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Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 April 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.imub.t53720411
EISBN: 978-1-62708-305-8
... Abstract Weldments made by the various welding processes may contain discontinuities that are characteristic of that process. This chapter discusses the different welding processes as well as the discontinuities typical of each process. It provides a detailed discussion on the methods...
Abstract
Weldments made by the various welding processes may contain discontinuities that are characteristic of that process. This chapter discusses the different welding processes as well as the discontinuities typical of each process. It provides a detailed discussion on the methods of nondestructive inspection of weldments including visual inspection, liquid penetrant inspection, magnetic particle inspection, radiographic inspection, ultrasonic inspection, leak testing, and eddy current and electric current perturbation inspection. The chapter also describes the properties of brazing filler metals and the types of flaws exhibited by brazed joints.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 July 1997
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.wip.t65930141
EISBN: 978-1-62708-359-1
... Material properties Geometrical stress concentration effects Size and location of welding discontinuities but there is often disagreement as to the relative importance of each. This article is intended to help engineers understand why the fatigue behavior of weldments can...
Abstract
This article is intended to help engineers understand why the fatigue behavior of weldments can be such a confusing and seemingly contradictory topic and hopefully to clarify this complex subject. It first reexamines the factors influencing the fatigue behavior of an individual weldment using extensive experimental data and a computer model that simulates the fatigue resistance of weldments. Next, the process of fatigue in weldments is discussed in general terms, and the service conditions that favor long crack growth and the conditions that favor crack nucleation are contrasted. The article then presents experimental data that show the effect of weldment geometry on fatigue resistance. Several useful geometry classification systems are compared. Finally, a computer model is employed to investigate the behavior of two hypothetical weldments: a discontinuity-containing ("Nominal") weldment and a discontinuity-free ("Ideal") weldment.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 September 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.fahtsc.t51130503
EISBN: 978-1-62708-284-6
... Abstract Failure analysis of steel welds may be divided into three categories. They include failures due to design deficiencies, weld-related defects usually found during inspection, and failures in field service. This chapter emphasizes the failures due to various discontinuities in the steel...
Abstract
Failure analysis of steel welds may be divided into three categories. They include failures due to design deficiencies, weld-related defects usually found during inspection, and failures in field service. This chapter emphasizes the failures due to various discontinuities in the steel weldment. These include poor workmanship, a variety of hydrogen-assisted cracking failures, stress-corrosion cracking, fatigue, and solidification cracking in steel welds. Hydrogen-assisted cracking can appear in four common forms, namely underbead or delayed cracking, weld metal fisheyes, ferrite vein cracking, and hydrogen-assisted reduced ductility.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.jub.t53290099
EISBN: 978-1-62708-306-5
... after welding Precipitation hardened: martensitic (17-4 PH, 13-8 Mo, 15-5 PH) Very weldable, similar to austenitic Use austenitic filler if high strengths are not required Age single-pass welds to full strength Use compatible filler 5.6 Overview of Weld Discontinuities Weld...
Abstract
During fusion welding, the thermal cycles produced by the moving heat source causes physical state changes, metallurgical phase transformations, and transient thermal stresses and metal movement. This chapter begins by discussing weld metal solidification behavior and the solid-state transformations of the main classes of metals and alloys during fusion welding. The main classes include work- or strain-hardened metals and alloys, precipitation-hardened alloys, transformation-hardened steels and cast irons, stainless steels, and solid-solution and dispersion-hardened alloys. The following section provides information on the residual stresses and distortion that remain after welding. The focus then shifts to distortion control of weldments. Inclusions and cracking are discussed in detail. The chapter also discusses the causes for reduced fatigue strength of a component by a weld: stress concentration due to weld shape and joint geometry; stress concentration due to weld imperfections; and residual welding stresses. Inspection and characterization of welds are described in the final section of this chapter.
Image
Published: 01 September 2008
Fig. 1 Schematic illustration of common types of discontinuities in welds. Reproduced with permission of the American Welding Society. See also Table 1 . Source: Ref 1
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Image
Published: 01 July 1997
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2012
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ffub.t53610263
EISBN: 978-1-62708-303-4
... where fatigue failures are likely to occur in cold-driven rivet and friction joints, and why the fatigue strength of welded joints can be much lower than that of the parent metal, depending on weld shape, joint geometry, discontinuities, and residual stresses. The chapter also explains how to improve...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the fatigue behavior of bolted, riveted, and welded joints. It describes the relative strength of machined and rolled threads and the effect of thread design, preload, and clamping force on the fatigue strength of bolts made from different steels. It explains where fatigue failures are likely to occur in cold-driven rivet and friction joints, and why the fatigue strength of welded joints can be much lower than that of the parent metal, depending on weld shape, joint geometry, discontinuities, and residual stresses. The chapter also explains how to improve the fatigue life of welded joints and discusses the factors that can reduce the fracture toughness of weld metals.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 July 1997
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.wip.t65930163
EISBN: 978-1-62708-359-1
... high-temperature creep plastic collapse weld discontinuities IT IS GENERALLY ACCEPTED THAT all welded structures enter service containing flaws that can range from volumetric discontinuities, such as porosity or slag inclusions, to planar defects, such as a lack of side-wall fusion or hydrogen...
Abstract
Depending on the operating environment and the nature of the applied loading, a structure can fail by a number of different modes, including brittle fracture, ductile fracture, plastic collapse, fatigue, creep, corrosion, and buckling. These failure modes can be broken down into the categories of fracture, fatigue, environmental cracking, and high-temperature creep. This article discusses each of these categories, as well as the benefits of a fitness-for-service approach.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 July 1997
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.wip.t65930085
EISBN: 978-1-62708-359-1
... Abstract Welded joints in any component or structure require a thorough inspection. The role of nondestructive evaluation (NDE) in the inspection of welds is very important, and the technology has become highly developed as a result. This article describes the applications, methods, evaluation...
Abstract
Welded joints in any component or structure require a thorough inspection. The role of nondestructive evaluation (NDE) in the inspection of welds is very important, and the technology has become highly developed as a result. This article describes the applications, methods, evaluation procedures, performance, and limitations of NDE. It provides information on the training and certification of NDE operators, evaluation of test results, and guidance to method selection. Typical examples of various NDE methods for welds are also described.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1995
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.sch6.t68200197
EISBN: 978-1-62708-354-6
..., abrasive blast cleaning, removal of risers, ingates, and discontinuities, rough inspection, removal of discontinuities, finishing welding, heat treatment, and final visual, dimensional, and NDT inspection. This chapter provides a detailed discussion on these activities. finishing heat treatment...
Abstract
After pouring, castings are allowed to solidify and cool. They are later removed from the molds in the shakeout operation. A series of activities then follow, which are generally referred to as finishing and heat treatment. These activities can be broadly categorized as shakeout, abrasive blast cleaning, removal of risers, ingates, and discontinuities, rough inspection, removal of discontinuities, finishing welding, heat treatment, and final visual, dimensional, and NDT inspection. This chapter provides a detailed discussion on these activities.
Image
Published: 01 October 2011
Fig. 7.27 Electromagnetic yoke, showing position and magnetic field to detect discontinuities parallel to a weld bead. Discontinuities across a weld bead can be detected by placing the contact surfaces of the yoke next to and on either side of the bead (rotating yoke about 90° from position
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Image
in Liquid Penetrant, Magnetic Particle, and Eddy-Current Inspection
> Inspection of Metals: Understanding the Basics
Published: 01 April 2013
Fig. 7 Electromagnetic yoke, showing position and magnetic field to detect discontinuities parallel to a weld bead. Discontinuities across a weld bead can be detected by placing the contact surfaces of the yoke next to and on either side of the bead (rotating yoke about 90° from position shown
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