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waste management
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Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2016
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.hpcspa.t54460253
EISBN: 978-1-62708-285-3
... Abstract The Nuclear Waste Management Organization (NWMO) investigates approaches for managing Canada's used nuclear fuel. As part of a larger program investigating concepts of copper coatings, NWMO has begun exploring copper cold spray in collaboration with the National Research Council...
Abstract
The Nuclear Waste Management Organization (NWMO) investigates approaches for managing Canada's used nuclear fuel. As part of a larger program investigating concepts of copper coatings, NWMO has begun exploring copper cold spray in collaboration with the National Research Council. Within the coating program, a large variety of copper coating sizes have been investigated, from small corrosion coupons to full-scale used-fuel containers/canisters (UFCs). This chapter demonstrates the successful application of copper coating technology to full-scale geometric representative Mark II UFC mock-up configurations through activities involving powder selection, general coating development, UFC coating optimization, and prototyping.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 June 2023
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.atia.t59340453
EISBN: 978-1-62708-427-7
... Abstract This chapter addresses the implications for increased aluminum usage on major issues such as climate change and solid waste management. The chapter also considers three approaches for decarbonizing aluminum-product production. aluminum alloys aluminum recycling climate change...
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2007
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.htcma.t52080335
EISBN: 978-1-62708-304-1
... Abstract Managing corrosion continues to be a challenge for operators of modern boilers worldwide. This chapter addresses the corrosion-related problems that can occur in boilers burning municipal solid waste (MSW). It describes corrosion mechanisms associated with different environments...
Abstract
Managing corrosion continues to be a challenge for operators of modern boilers worldwide. This chapter addresses the corrosion-related problems that can occur in boilers burning municipal solid waste (MSW). It describes corrosion mechanisms associated with different environments and alloys. It also discusses corrosion protection methods for furnace waterwalls and superheater tubes in waste-to-energy boilers.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 July 2009
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.bcp.t52230513
EISBN: 978-1-62708-298-3
... Abstract This chapter covers regulatory requirements, safe handling practices, hazard analysis and control, dismantling and decommissioning, and waste disposal. It also includes references for additional information on government regulations. beryllium hygienic practices 29.1...
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cpi2.t55030074
EISBN: 978-1-62708-282-2
.... , Cotner J.P. , and Crook P. , in Passivity and Localized Corrosion , Vol PV 99-27 , The Electrochemical Society , 1999 , p 473 14. Dunn D.S. , Cragnolino G.A. , and Sridhar N. , in Scientific Basis for Nuclear Waste Management XXII , Vol 556 , Materials Research...
Abstract
This chapter is dedicated mostly to the metallurgical effects on the corrosion behavior of corrosion-resistant alloys. It begins with a section describing the importance of alloying elements on the corrosion behavior of nickel alloys. The chapter considers the metallurgical effects of alloy composition for heat-resistant alloys, nickel corrosion-resistant alloys, and nickel-base alloys. This chapter also discusses the corrosion implications of changing the alloy microstructure via solid-state transformation, second-phase precipitation, or cold work. It concludes with a comparison of corrosion behavior between cast and wrought product forms.
Book Chapter
Book: Corrosion of Weldments
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cw.t51820125
EISBN: 978-1-62708-339-3
... with an excellent resistance to pitting corrosion, crevice corrosion, and SCC, especially in halide-containing environments ( Ref 25 – 32 ). Due to its overall resistance to corrosion, this alloy is a candidate material to fabricate the external layer of the high-level nuclear waste containers for the potential...
Abstract
Nickel-base alloys used for low-temperature aqueous corrosion are commonly referred to as corrosion-resistant alloys (CRAs), and nickel alloys used for high-temperature applications are known as heat-resistant alloys, high-temperature alloys, or superalloys. The emphasis in this chapter is on the CRAs and in particular nickel-chromium-molybdenum alloys. The chapter provides a basic understanding of general welding considerations and describes the welding metallurgy of molybdenum-containing CRAs and of nickel-copper, nickel-chromium, and nickel-chromium-iron CRAs. It discusses the corrosion behavior of nickel-molybdenum alloys and nickel-chromium-molybdenum alloys. Information on the phase stability and corrosion behavior of nickel-base alloys is also included.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 June 2023
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.atia.t59340413
EISBN: 978-1-62708-427-7
... light poles are replaced by new ones ( Ref 18.18 ). Hydro receives the old light poles and all attachments (including fittings, cables, and wires) and arranges for their dismantling. The program removes the waste management responsibility from city governments and provides valuable raw material...
Abstract
This chapter presents examples of aluminum infrastructure applications and their benefits to society. Infrastructure applications covered within this chapter include: electrical conductors; roads and bridges; highway signs, traffic signals, and license plates; railroad and highway crossings; solar energy generation; and agriculture and industrial applications.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mfadr7.t91110032
EISBN: 978-1-62708-247-1
... Abstract The management of a failure analysis (FA) laboratory requires a broad range of activities to optimize the efficiency of the operation. The purpose of this article is to stimulate readers to consider the various aspects of FA laboratory operations and their respective business...
Abstract
The management of a failure analysis (FA) laboratory requires a broad range of activities to optimize the efficiency of the operation. The purpose of this article is to stimulate readers to consider the various aspects of FA laboratory operations and their respective business management requirements. The various aspects include: staffing, laboratory organization, lab design and operations, strategic development, financial management, and metrics and measurements. References for further reading and examples of resource materials are also included.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.horfi.t51180091
EISBN: 978-1-62708-256-3
... it. The puzzles are provided, the time limit is provided, and so is the goal of solving the puzzle. Everyone always attempts to solve both, thus wasting time and money. Even when other people are asked to join in and help solve the puzzles, no one ever asks which puzzle is the goal. Failure investigators need...
Abstract
This chapter describes the nine steps of a failure investigation. The steps add detail to the problem-solving process introduced in Chapter 3. The first five steps are (1) understanding and negotiating the investigation goals, (2) obtaining an understanding of the failure, (3) objectively and clearly identifying all possible root causes, (4) evaluating the likelihood of each root cause, and (5) converging on the most likely root cause(s). Many failure investigations stop at this point, but significant value is provided in the next four steps, which are (6) identifying all possible corrective actions, (7) evaluating each corrective action, (8) selecting the optimal corrective action(s), and (9) evaluating the effectiveness of each corrective action. Each step is discussed in detail with examples along with information on the procedures to be followed and resources needed for the investigation.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 May 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.hma.t59250207
EISBN: 978-1-62708-287-7
... improvements, pollution that had to be controlled by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) rulings, and management staff who were paid the highest incomes of any industry. In the early 1950s, David J. McDonald replaced Philip Murray, longtime president of the steelworkers union. McDonald was expected...
Abstract
This chapter is an account of the various events that led to the decline of the integrated steel industry during the 1950s. These include the steel strike of 1959, the improvements in technology and increase in imports since 1950s, widespread closures of steel companies, the decline of the minimill industry, and the rapid growth of Mittal Steel.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.horfi.t51180061
EISBN: 978-1-62708-256-3
... investigation data and maintaining a database are rarely given a high priority by management. This mindset needs to change. Collecting the Data First, start within your own company and create a database of failures. Organize the database for particular needs and trends. The database will indicate which...
Abstract
Statistics, data analysis, root cause analysis, and problem-solving processes play a key role in failure investigations. This chapter explains how to collect failure investigation data, how to build and maintain a database for company-related failures, and how to use corresponding statistics including type of failure, material, and root cause. It describes the purpose and benefits of conducting a root cause analysis and the factors, namely relative failure importance and company value, that determine when an investigation should be performed. The chapter also discusses the four-step problem-solving process as it applies to failure investigation, how to assemble an investigation team, and the details of organization and planning. It concludes with a case history of the Firestone 500 steel-belted tire failure, stressing the importance of a systematic approach to failure investigations.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 July 2009
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.bcp.t52230499
EISBN: 978-1-62708-298-3
... of clothing being contaminated by particulates, and such clothes should be managed to prevent them from contaminating other clothes or persons. Possible sources of exposure to beryllium and beryllium oxide (BeO) are listed in Tables 28.4 and 28.5 , respectively [ Brush Wellman 2005a , b ]. (BeO (solid...
Abstract
Beryllium-related lung diseases were first reported in the 1930s, several years after the emergence of beryllium metals in manufactured products. Since then, there have been numerous studies around the world and continued refinement of recommendations and safety standards. This chapter provides a summary of the studies that have been conducted along with the findings. It discusses the effects of acute and chronic exposure, toxicity levels, potential sources and risks, treatment, and protective and preventive measures.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2016
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.hpcspa.t54460185
EISBN: 978-1-62708-285-3
... mitigation, erosion resistance, thermal management, conducting layers, dielectric coatings, food processing, and heat conduction are covered in this chapter. Apart from new-make applications, cold-sprayed deposits are an important aspect of repair and refurbishment of scratched, dented, worn...
Abstract
Cold spray coatings technology has the potential to provide surface enhancement for applications in sectors such as defense and aerospace, oil and gas, power generation, medical, automotive, electronics, and railways. The ability to deposit clean metallic coatings is used in applications requiring corrosion/oxidation protection, erosion/wear protection, additive manufacturing, and fabricating free forms. This chapter discusses the function, advantages, and benefits of some of these applications.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 June 2023
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.atia.t59340019
EISBN: 978-1-62708-427-7
... of bauxite ore as it enters the refinery. (b) Schematic of Bayer refining process used to produce alumina The waste from the refining process is referred to as bauxite residue, or red mud, and represents about one-half of the tonnage of the input bauxite. This material is typically dried out in large...
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.horfi.t51180127
EISBN: 978-1-62708-256-3
... it. If wrong, you have not only wasted time and money but perhaps destroyed evidence that would lead to uncovering the actual root cause. Not all failure investigations have enough resources and available samples to test every root cause, so you may have to be selective in your approach. In addition...
Abstract
This chapter describes some common pitfalls encountered in failure investigations and provides guidance to help engineers recognize processes and “quick fixes” that companies often try to substitute for failure analysis. It discusses three important skills and characteristics that a professional engineer must improve to conduct an effective and successful failure investigation, namely technical skills, communication skills, and technical integrity. The chapter also provides information on the additional basic tools available for failure investigation and root cause determination: the Kepner-Tregoe structured problem-solving method, PROACT software for root cause analysis developed by the Reliability Center, Inc., and other processes and methods developed by the Failsafe Network, Inc., and Shainin LLC.
Book Chapter
Book: Corrosion of Weldments
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cw.t51820143
EISBN: 978-1-62708-339-3
Abstract
The nonferrous alloys described in this chapter include aluminum and aluminum alloys, copper and copper alloys, titanium and titanium alloys, zirconium and zirconium alloys, and tantalum and tantalum alloys. Some of the factors that affect the corrosion performance of welded nonferrous assemblies include galvanic effects, crevices, assembly stresses in products susceptible to stress-corrosion cracking, and hydrogen pickup and subsequent cracking. The emphasis is placed on the compositions, general welding considerations, and corrosion behavior of these alloys.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2007
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.htcma.t52080379
EISBN: 978-1-62708-304-1
Abstract
This chapter discusses two damage mechanisms in which stress plays a major role. In the one case, stress causes cracks in the oxide scale on metals, leading to preferential corrosion attack. An example from industry of this type of failure is the circumferential cracking that occurs on the waterwall tubes of supercritical coal-fired boilers fired under low NOx combustion conditions, conducive to the production of sulfidizing environments. In the other case, stress contributes to brittle fracture in the form of intergranular cracking. The phenomenon, which is known by various names, typically occurs at the lower end of the intermediate temperature range and has been observed in ferritic steels, stainless steels, Fe-Ni-Cr alloys, and nickel-base alloys, as described in the chapter.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2024
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.pmamfa.t59400289
EISBN: 978-1-62708-479-6
... to typical manufacturing processes such as machining and stamping that manufacture items by removing materials from a larger stock or sheet metal. By using only a few raw materials, AM may retain appropriate geometric perfection and produce little waste ( Ref 13.2 ). The processes of rapid prototyping...
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 October 2024
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ahsssta2.t59410275
EISBN: 978-1-62708-482-6
... of limited resources, energy consumption, and protection of the environment. Materials are being consumed at inconceivable rates because of the increase in population and the growth of living standards. The supply of most materials comes from nonrenewable sources, which means that materials must be managed...
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 November 2023
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ceeg.t59370001
EISBN: 978-1-62708-447-5
... for the manufacturing process and to assure product quality; automation for product consistency, in addition to addressing hazardous activities; and engineering for recyclability and regeneration. These vital elements all demand a structured approach, careful analysis, and professional project management to ensure...
Abstract
Planning and laying out casting facilities involve a number of vital factors, such as available infrastructure, selection of suitable sites, orientation of operations and process flow, markets and products, operating parameters, and targeted hourly output and annual capacity. This chapter presents guiding principles and layout concepts with these factors in mind. It also presents steps for the creation of a plant layout. Plant layout involves the arrangement of processing areas, machinery, and equipment for the efficient conversion of raw materials into finished products. The chapter discusses general guidelines for developing a layout.
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