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Book Chapter
Void Analysis of Composite Materials
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2010
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.omfrc.t53030147
EISBN: 978-1-62708-349-2
... Abstract Achieving the best-performing composite part requires that the processing method and cure cycle create high-quality, low-void-content structures. If voids are present, the performance of the composite will be significantly reduced. There are multiple causes of voids in composite...
Abstract
Achieving the best-performing composite part requires that the processing method and cure cycle create high-quality, low-void-content structures. If voids are present, the performance of the composite will be significantly reduced. There are multiple causes of voids in composite materials; they are generally categorized as voids that are due to volatiles (such as solvents, water) or voids that result from entrapped air. This chapter describes the analysis of various types of voids. It reviews techniques for analysis of voids at ply-drops, voids due to high fiber packing, and voids that occur in honeycomb core composites. The final section of the chapter discusses void documentation through the use of nondestructive inspection techniques and density/specific gravity measurement methods.
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Intergranular corrosion at the external surface of the flange. The voids ar...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 December 2006
Fig. 33 Intergranular corrosion at the external surface of the flange. The voids are the locations of the spalled grains. 50×
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How shrinkage voids form in aluminum castings. (a) Initial void formation. ...
Available to Purchase
in The Influence and Control of Porosity and Inclusions in Aluminum Castings
> Aluminum Alloy Castings: Properties, Processes, and Applications
Published: 01 December 2004
Fig. 5.6 How shrinkage voids form in aluminum castings. (a) Initial void formation. (b) Collapse of shell increases void size. (c) “Wormhole” formation with additional shrinkage
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Voids found in a glass fiber composite cross section due to solvents from m...
Available to Purchase
in Introduction—Composite Materials and Optical Microscopy
> Optical Microscopy of Fiber-Reinforced Composites
Published: 01 November 2010
Fig. 1.7 Voids found in a glass fiber composite cross section due to solvents from manufacturing. Bright-field illumination, 10× objective
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Voids in a glass-fiber-filled engineering thermoplastic matrix. Transmitted...
Available to Purchase
in Thin-Section Preparation and Transmitted-Light Microscopy
> Optical Microscopy of Fiber-Reinforced Composites
Published: 01 November 2010
Fig. 6.12 Voids in a glass-fiber-filled engineering thermoplastic matrix. Transmitted light, differential interference contrast, 40× objective
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Voids in the interstitial areas of a plain weave carbon fiber composite. Br...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 November 2010
Fig. 8.3 Voids in the interstitial areas of a plain weave carbon fiber composite. Bright-field illumination, 65 mm macrophotograph
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Entrapped air voids in a tubular composite part made with unidirectional ca...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 November 2010
Fig. 8.4 Entrapped air voids in a tubular composite part made with unidirectional carbon fiber prepreg. Slightly uncrossed polarized light, 10× objective
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Voids due to entrapped air shown in the interlayer region of a tubular comp...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 November 2010
Fig. 8.5 Voids due to entrapped air shown in the interlayer region of a tubular composite part. (a) Section polished on a tangent to the outer radius. Slightly uncrossed polarized light, 10× objective. (b) Section polished on a tangent to the interior radius showing a similar fiber angle
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Voids in the interlayer region and at the ply-drop in the interior of a tub...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 November 2010
Fig. 8.6 Voids in the interlayer region and at the ply-drop in the interior of a tubular composite part. Bright-field illumination, 10× objective
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Voids in a high-fiber-volume unidirectional carbon fiber composite part. (a...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 November 2010
Fig. 8.8 Voids in a high-fiber-volume unidirectional carbon fiber composite part. (a) Sectioned and polished perpendicular to the fiber direction. Bright-field illumination, 10× objective. (b) Sectioned and polished parallel to the fiber direction. Bright-field illumination, 10× objective
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Glass fabric prepreg honeycomb core composite with voids throughout the str...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 November 2010
Fig. 8.9 Glass fabric prepreg honeycomb core composite with voids throughout the structure. Bright-field illumination, 5× objective
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Solvent-generated voids in the prepreg skins and fillet areas of a honeycom...
Available to Purchase
in Honeycomb-Cored Sandwich Structure Composites
> Optical Microscopy of Fiber-Reinforced Composites
Published: 01 November 2010
Fig. 13.4 Solvent-generated voids in the prepreg skins and fillet areas of a honeycomb sandwich structure composite. (a and b) Bag side. (c) Tool side. Epi-bright-field illumination, 5× objective. In these micrographs, there is evidence of some scratching on the polished surface. This is due
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(a) SEM fractograph showing presence of creep voids on fracture lip surface...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 December 2018
Fig. 6.15 (a) SEM fractograph showing presence of creep voids on fracture lip surface, 500×; and (b) SEM image of as-polished sample after metallography showing scattered creep voids, 1000×
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SEM fractograph of the rupture surface showing scattered creep voids and cr...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 December 2018
Fig. 6.40 SEM fractograph of the rupture surface showing scattered creep voids and cracks
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Comparison of wedge-shaped cracks and creep voids: (a) triple-point stress ...
Available to PurchasePublished: 30 November 2013
Fig. 4 Comparison of wedge-shaped cracks and creep voids: (a) triple-point stress rupture (60×); (b) creep cavitation damage (arrows) in a desuperheater inlet header (1000×)
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