Search Results for vapor pressure

Liquid metals are frequently used as a heat-transfer medium because of their high thermal conductivities and low vapor pressures. Containment materials used in such heat-transfer systems are subject to molten metal corrosion as well as other problems. This chapter reviews the corrosion behavior of alloys in molten aluminum, zinc, lead, lithium, sodium, magnesium, mercury, cadmium, tin, antimony, and bismuth. It also discusses the problem of liquid metal embrittlement, explaining how it is caused by low-melting-point metals during brazing, welding, and heat treating operations.

This chapter discusses vacuum furnace processes and their design. The chapter focuses on the pressure levels, heating elements, pumping systems, temperature control systems, and quenching systems in vacuum furnaces. It then details specific applications of vacuum heat treating.

This chapter presents the theory and practice associated with the application of thin films. The first half of the chapter describes physical deposition processes in which functional coatings are deposited on component surfaces using mechanical, electromechanical, or thermodynamic techniques. Physical vapor deposition (PVD) techniques include sputtering, e-beam evaporation, arc-PVD, and ion plating and are best suited for elements and compounds with moderate melting points or when a high-purity film is required. The remainder of the chapter covers chemical vapor deposition (CVD) processes, including atomic layer deposition, plasma-enhanced and plasma-assisted CVD, and various forms of vapor-phase epitaxy, which are commonly used for compound films or when deposit purity is less critical. A brief application overview is also presented.

This chapter discusses coating technologies that are applicable to beryllium, including physical and chemical vapor deposition, thermal evaporation, electroplating, sputtering, ion plating, and plasma arc spraying. It describes the advantages and disadvantages of each method and the effect of temperature, pressure, and other process variables on the microstructures and properties developed.

This chapter provides a fundamental understanding of beryllium reduction thermodynamics as a prerequisite for subsequent chapters on extraction, chemical processing, and corrosion. It examines a number of reduction methods along with a potential refining process, highlighting the challenges encountered with each.

This chapter provides an overview of environmental factors when studying a gear failure. Environmental factors discussed are lubrication, temperature, and mechanical stability.

This chapter describes the physical characteristics, properties, and behaviors of solid solutions under equilibrium conditions. It begins with a review of a single-component pure metal system and its unary phase diagram. It then examines the solid solution formed by copper and nickel atoms. It discusses the difference between interstitial and substitutional solid solutions and the factors that determine the type of solution that two metals are likely to form. It also addresses the development of intermediate phases, the role of free energy, transformation kinetics, liquid-to-solid and solid-state phase transformations, and the allotropic nature of metals.

Managing corrosion continues to be a challenge for operators of modern boilers worldwide. This chapter addresses the corrosion-related problems that can occur in boilers burning municipal solid waste (MSW). It describes corrosion mechanisms associated with different environments and alloys. It also discusses corrosion protection methods for furnace waterwalls and superheater tubes in waste-to-energy boilers.

Alloys containing elements that form volatile or low-melting-point halides are susceptible to high-temperature corrosion attack. This chapter explains how to determine whether such phases are likely to form, and the rate at which they occur, based on thermodynamic data and phase stability diagrams. It provides an extensive amount of high-temperature corrosion data for metals and alloys in gaseous environments containing chlorine and hydrogen chloride; fluorine and hydrogen fluoride; bromine and hydrogen bromide; and iodine and hydrogen iodide.