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Book Chapter
History of Beryllium
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 July 2009
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.bcp.t52230007
EISBN: 978-1-62708-298-3
... update on the primary beryllium producers throughout the world. beryllium 2.1 Early History In its purest form, beryl was known and treasured in ancient times as a precious stone. It was found in the oldest known Smaragd mines, which have been traced back to approximately 1650 B.C...
Abstract
This chapter describes some of events and developments that helped drive the commercialization of beryllium and its acceptance as an engineering material. It traces the growth of the domestic beryllium industry from its origins in the 1920s to the present time, and provides a status update on the primary beryllium producers throughout the world.
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Contour mesh model with cubic best fit functions showing RST of a 50 x 50 s...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 November 2019
Figure 43 Contour mesh model with cubic best fit functions showing RST of a 50 x 50 sized interferometer measurement array. The x curvature and y curvature values can be adjusted to minimize the corrected z range value. The map will update and upon approval then be implemented on the CNC mill
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Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2023
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.edfatr.t56090155
EISBN: 978-1-62708-462-8
.... For established FA imaging tools, quantification of the images is a growing need and should be pursued by equipment manufacturers. Fig. 1 Elements used in the fabrication of mainstream semiconductors: past, present, and future Mid-2023 Updated Gaps There is a growing need to better understand how...
Abstract
This chapter summarizes critical gaps and long-term needs in failure analysis technology as it relates to logic and memory devices and IC packages. It assesses the impact of vertical integration, new materials, and expansion in the third dimension on volume analysis, sample preparation and measurement methods, and cross-sectioning and imaging.
Book Chapter
Source Information
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 March 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.stg2.t61280353
EISBN: 978-1-62708-267-9
... on Superalloys Sources of collected property data on superalloys are not all that plentiful. Collection does not necessarily imply tabulation or explanation. Some collections previously updated at regular intervals may no longer be kept current. Publishers have made efforts to collect data, and it is common...
Abstract
This appendix identifies producers, suppliers, and service providers experienced with superalloy materials and applications. It also identifies potential sources of engineering information and property data.
Book Chapter
Component Mechanical Properties
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 April 2020
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.bpapp.t59290193
EISBN: 978-1-62708-319-5
... by the Metal Powder Industries Federation, Princeton, New Jersey ( www.mpif.org ), and are updated every few years. Similar standards are administered by ASTM International. A few examples of each are included in the references. Representative strength properties for sintered materials (heat treated where...
Abstract
When a material is sintered and evaluated for performance, the primary focus is on mechanical properties. This chapter discusses structural properties for representative materials. Some guidelines are presented on the types of tests and how property values depend on the testing procedure. Mechanical hardness and strength tabulations are provided to document sintered properties.
Book Chapter
Quality Control
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.piht2.t55050281
EISBN: 978-1-62708-311-9
... that is responsive to changing process conditions. Controls plans are updated as measurement systems and control methods are evaluated and updated. Figure 14.2 illustrates an example of a control plan for a specific workpiece that was induction hardened. Current instructional manuals with current forms should...
Abstract
This chapter discusses quality control programs and procedures for induction heat-treating systems and includes related forms and checklists.
Book Chapter
Failure Mode Assessment and Assignment
Available to PurchaseBook: Systems Failure Analysis
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2009
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.sfa.t52780067
EISBN: 978-1-62708-268-6
...&A be updated and distributed to all team members and other interested parties after each failure analysis team meeting. Evaluating Potential Failure Causes The analysis techniques covered thus far have been focused on steps 1 and 2 of the four-step problem-solving process ( Fig. 1.2 ). Potential failure...
Abstract
Failure mode assessment and assignment (FMA&A) is a tool designed to help organize the evaluation of hypothesized failure modes. This chapter begins by describing the process of preparing an FMA&A. It then describes the follow-on activities to evaluate the hypothesized failure cause. The chapter also provides information on evaluating the hypothesized potential causes.
Book Chapter
The Plummer Classification System of Trade Names
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2010
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.hss.t52790231
EISBN: 978-1-62708-356-0
... not actually include the chemical ranges for the groupings, but instead, a code number was used. Because this arrangement proved to be confusing, Plummer revised and updated his classification in 1934 and included the actual chemical ranges or limits for each grouping. He listed the chromium alloys according...
Abstract
This chapter presents the history of Plummer's classification system of stainless steels. One classification of Plummer's system is tabulated. The example shows the code number, the trade names and the producer of each alloy.
Book Chapter
Physical Properties of Metals and the Periodic Table
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 October 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mnm2.t53060469
EISBN: 978-1-62708-261-7
... 4.457 0.041 0.0713 … 59.6 Zinc 419.6 907 7.14 0.265 0.0925 31 5.92 Zirconium 1852 4400 (a) 6.49 0.05 0.0666 5.9 44 (a) Selected updates from data in: A. Buch, Pure Metal Properties: A Scientific-Technical Handbook , ASM International and Freund Publishing House, 1999...
Abstract
This appendix is a collection of tables containing thermal, electrical, mechanical, and physical property data for metals under various conditions. It also includes the periodic table of elements.
Book Chapter
Molecular Dynamics Simulation Calculations
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 August 2023
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mdsbktmse.t56070007
EISBN: 978-1-62708-451-2
... File This input script is compatible with the November 2016 version of LAMMPS. Updates in the software may require modification of some commands in the input script. The input file along with an explanation of each line is given in Table 2 . LAMMPS input code...
Abstract
The appendix contains detailed simulation examples through which readers learn how to format and analyze problems using the LAMMPS molecular dynamics simulator. By means of simulation, readers will determine the thermal expansion coefficient of copper, generate stress-strain plots for aluminum at different temperatures, calculate the surface energy of copper for different crystal orientations, investigate diffusion effects in BCC iron, estimate the sliding friction between graphene layers, compare the stacking fault energy of silver and aluminum, and analyze the properties and behaviors of liquids and gases. All examples employ a systematic problem-solving approach and include necessary input code.
Book
Molecular Dynamics Simulations for Beginners: Key Topics in Materials Science and Engineering
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 August 2023
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mdsbktmse.9781627084512
EISBN: 978-1-62708-451-2
Book Chapter
Phase Diagram Fundamentals
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 January 2024
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.pdktmse.t56100001
EISBN: 978-1-62708-470-3
... be possible, specialized databases are frequently required to properly represent the thermodynamics of the various systems. These databases are continually updated and require considerable effort in editing. Thus, the trend for commercial systems will likely continue. Due to the continual need for updating...
Abstract
Phase diagrams serve as a map to the phases present in an alloy at different temperatures and compositions. They also help in assessing mechanical properties, selecting heat treat temperatures, warning of possible solidification problems, and identifying routes for creating desired microstructures. This chapter familiarizes readers with the information contained in binary phase diagrams and the methods used to extract it. It explains how thermocouple measurements are used to determine liquidus, solidus, and eutectic reaction lines, how differential scanning calorimetry shows where phase reactions occur, and how x-ray diffraction identifies the actual phases present. It demonstrates the use of tie lines for determining phase composition at different temperatures and the application of the level rule to calculate phase fractions. It also discusses the CALPHAD method and presents computed binary phase diagrams that account for the presence of inclusions, oxygen content, and secondary phases.
Book Chapter
Purchasing Policy
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1995
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.sch6.t68200078
EISBN: 978-1-62708-354-6
... that these special situations are isolated cases. A review of operating conditions almost invariably indicates that one of the updated standard specifications, or one of the newly developed and industry-approved specifications, will provide the same qualities required by the proprietary specifications...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the processes and guidelines for selecting a supplier and for specifying and purchasing steel castings. It details the information that is most useful to the casting supplier and purchaser.
Book Chapter
Tools and Procedures for Molecular Dynamics Simulation
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 August 2023
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mdsbktmse.t56070001
EISBN: 978-1-62708-451-2
... and get updated with time. In this way, the system dynamics allows the calculations of the properties of interest. A schematic diagram showing the basic concept behind any MD simulation is shown in Fig. 1 . In any given MD model, there can be one million atoms or more, and the total simulation time can...
Abstract
This chapter familiarizes readers with the basic theory of molecular dynamics and its application in the study of materials. It explains how material properties and behaviors are determined through the iterative calculation of motion equations for a collection of atoms under a given set of conditions. It also provides a walk-through on the use of LAMMPS, an open-source molecular dynamics simulator, discussing the selections and inputs of relevance to practical materials problems.
Book Chapter
The Effects and Economic Impact of Corrosion
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cub.t66910001
EISBN: 978-1-62708-250-1
... of best corrosion-related technical practices. These estimates result from a recent update of findings of the 1978 study Economic Effects of Metallic Corrosion in the United States . The study was performed by Battelle Columbus Laboratories and the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST...
Abstract
Corrosion can be defined as a chemical or electrochemical reaction between a material, usually a metal, and its environment that produces a deterioration of the material and its properties. This chapter describes the effects and economic impact of corrosion in major industrial plants. The emphasis in this chapter, as well as in other chapters in this book, is on aqueous corrosion, or corrosion in environments where water is present. The chapter describes the classification of various forms of corrosion based on the nature of the corrodent, mechanism of corrosion, and appearance of the corroded metal. It discusses five primary methods of corrosion control, namely, material selection, coatings, inhibitors, cathodic protection, and design. Examples of the opportunities in corrosion control and the means to implement a program to capitalize on those opportunities are presented in a table. The chapter concludes with varied sources of information pertaining to corrosion and corrosion prevention.
Book Chapter
Calculation of Heat Treating Costs
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 April 2024
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.phtpp.t59380223
EISBN: 978-1-62708-456-7
... and pricing were not sure how most of the prices were originally derived but “the prices had been determined several years ago and then annually updated.” In this experience, errors in heat treat pricing could affect the success and profitability of the company. The objective here is to develop a simple...
Abstract
This article presents a simple cost/pricing system that is reasonably accurate and could easily be recalculated if the yearly cost of any of the basic cost components change. Using the example of a commercial heat treating facility, the operational details are categorized as atmosphere processes, induction processes, aluminum processes, high-heat processes, and secondary processes. For the purpose of calculating the heat treatment processing cost per hour and the selling price for a piece of equipment, the costs are separated into direct costs, allocated costs, capitalized cost, and general and administrative costs. The article discusses the techniques involved in allocating costs to the group of equipment, and presents a description on the cost analysis of endothermic gas.
Book Chapter
The Unified Numbering System (UNS) for Metals and Alloys
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2010
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.hss.t52790235
EISBN: 978-1-62708-356-0
.... It was thereafter the practice of the DoD to solicit help from the various standards organizations in updating the book. It was found that the same alloys were sometimes listed with different designations and slightly different compositions by the various standards organizations. The problems were reduced...
Abstract
This chapter presents the Unified Numbering System (UNS) for metals and alloys.
Book Chapter
Package Innovation Roadmap
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2023
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.edfatr.t56090131
EISBN: 978-1-62708-462-8
... data. Devices with one-of-a-kind failure modes could not rely on AI assisted FA, as historical knowledge may not be applicable in the current case. Timely training and updating of AI algorithms can resolve the issue. However, collecting enough training data for the new failure mode may generate more...
Abstract
This chapter assesses the potential impact of neural networks on package-level failure analysis, the challenges presented by next-generation semiconductor packages, and the measures that can be taken to maximize FA equipment uptime and throughput. It presents examples showing how neural networks have been trained to detect and classify PCB defects, improve signal-to-noise ratios in SEM images, recognize wafer failure patterns, and predict failure modes. It explains how new packaging strategies, particularly stacking and disintegration, complicate fault isolation and evaluates the ability of various imaging methods to locate defects in die stacks. It also presents best practices for sample preparation, inspection, and navigation and offers suggestions for improving the reliability and service life of tools.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 January 2024
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.pdktmse.9781627084703
EISBN: 978-1-62708-470-3
Book Chapter
Induction Heating Plants
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 December 2024
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.hisppa.t56110067
EISBN: 978-1-62708-483-3
... today (2024) when frequencies are required in the higher megahertz range. Figure 5.1 summarizes an update of converter types as a function of power ratings and application frequencies ( Ref 5.3 ). The new power transistor technologies have allowed power levels to inch their way upward to tens...
Abstract
This chapter provides a discussion on the power supplies of modern induction heating plants. It describes the mode of operation and functional principle of an inverter. The chapter also provides a short note on generator cooling, which is required for the components of the induction power supply. It then presents an overview of induction heating systems.
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