This chapter provides conversion factors for common engineering units.

This appendix includes a temperature conversion table, a table containing equivalent hardness numbers, and a unit conversion table.

This appendix provides a list of unit conversions and defines several constants along with their symbol and unit value.

This chapter contains tables providing reference information on physical constants, unit symbols, SI prefixes, the Greek alphabet, and the unit conversion table.

This appendix contains the metric stress or pressure readings (MPa or ksi) to be converted.

This data sheet includes a select list of factors for converting customary English units to metric (SI) units.

This appendix provides conversion factors for various properties and units.

This appendix provides a list of universal constants, units, and conversion factors.

This chapter contains a corrosion rate conversion table and a figure that shows the relationships among some of the units commonly used for corrosion rates of metals.

This appendix is a conversion table for various units of measure.

This appendix provides tables listing alloy compositions and standard designations and common unit and hardness conversion factors.

This article presents a simple cost/pricing system that is reasonably accurate and could easily be recalculated if the yearly cost of any of the basic cost components change. Using the example of a commercial heat treating facility, the operational details are categorized as atmosphere processes, induction processes, aluminum processes, high-heat processes, and secondary processes. For the purpose of calculating the heat treatment processing cost per hour and the selling price for a piece of equipment, the costs are separated into direct costs, allocated costs, capitalized cost, and general and administrative costs. The article discusses the techniques involved in allocating costs to the group of equipment, and presents a description on the cost analysis of endothermic gas.

This appendix is a table of metric conversions for properties and measurements that commonly apply to metals and alloys.

This appendix is intended as a guide for expressing weights and measures in the base, supplementary, and derived Systeme International d'Unites.

Ultrasonic inspection is a nondestructive method in which beams of high frequency acoustic energy are introduced into a material to detect surface and subsurface flaws, to measure the thickness of the material, and to measure the distance to a flaw. This chapter begins with an overview of ultrasonic flaw detectors, ultrasonic transducers, and search units and couplants. It then discusses the principles of operation, presentation, and interpretation of data of pulse echo and transmission methods. This is followed by sections providing information on general characteristics of ultrasonic waves and the factors influencing ultrasonic inspection. The advantages, disadvantages, and applications of ultrasonic inspection are finally compared with other methods of nondestructive inspection of metal parts.

Improvement in processing, material substitution, light weighting, and recycling have contributed immensely to the cause of sustainability in the materials cycle. This chapter discusses some of the key indicators of sustainability that have direct relevance to advanced high-strength steels (AHSS) used in a vehicle. The discussion covers the major contributor to greenhouse gas emissions, production routes for manufacturing crude steel, and an optimized index guideline for selecting the best material. Details on the benefits of AHSS on the life cycle of vehicles are provided. The chapter also provides information on recycling and the economics of AHSS.

This chapter discusses the characteristics, advantages, and disadvantages of nondestructive hardness testing methods for metals, including electromagnetic impulse testing, photothermal testing, scratch hardness testing, and ultrasonic contact impedance testing. It also discusses the use of ultrasound to determine the depth of hardening in a metal or alloy. The chapter reviews methods used to check and calibrate hardness testing machines and indenters and the use of hardness reference blocks for verification and calibration of test machines. It also addresses conversion of hardness values determined by one method to equivalent values for a different method.