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Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2012
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.smfpa.t53500133
EISBN: 978-1-62708-317-1
... Abstract Hot stamping is a forming process for ultrahigh-strength steels (UHSS) that maximizes formability while minimizing springback. This chapter covers several aspects of hot stamping, including the methods used, the effect of process variables, and the role of finite-element analysis...
Abstract
Hot stamping is a forming process for ultrahigh-strength steels (UHSS) that maximizes formability while minimizing springback. This chapter covers several aspects of hot stamping, including the methods used, the effect of process variables, and the role of finite-element analysis in process development and die design. It also discusses heating methods, cooling mechanisms, and the role of coatings in preventing oxidation.
Image
Factors influencing tribological failures in forming advanced high-strength...
Available to Purchase
in Forming of Advanced High-Strength Steels (AHSS)
> Sheet Metal Forming: Processes and Applications
Published: 01 August 2012
Fig. 6.20 Factors influencing tribological failures in forming advanced high-strength steel (AHSS)/ultrahigh-strength steel. UTS, ultimate tensile strength
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Image
Plane-strain fracture toughness of maraging steels compared with fracture t...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 December 2001
Fig. 1 Plane-strain fracture toughness of maraging steels compared with fracture toughness of several ultrahigh strength steels as a function of tensile strength.
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Material share of North American light vehicle finished curb weight trends....
Available to Purchase
in Applications of Advanced High-Strength Steels
> Advanced High-Strength Steels: Science, Technology, and Applications, Second Edition
Published: 31 October 2024
Fig. 11.24 Material share of North American light vehicle finished curb weight trends. AHSS, advanced high-strength steel; UHSS, ultrahigh-strength steel; FR, flat rolled; BH, bake hardenable; HS, high strength; HSLA, high strength, low alloy. Source: Ref 11.1
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Actual SCC test data. (a) 2000 series aluminum alloys, 25 mm (0.1 in.) thic...
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in Static and Dynamic Fracture Toughness of Metals
> Mechanics and Mechanisms of Fracture: An Introduction
Published: 01 August 2005
-strength steel. Source: Ref 4.28 . (c) 7000 series aluminum alloys, double cantilever beam specimens, 25 mm (0.1 in.) thick, short-transverse orientation of die forging, long-transverse orientation of hand forging and plate. Specimens were subjected to alternate immersion tests in 3.5% NaCl solution, 23
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Book Chapter
Steel Products and Properties
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 October 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mnm2.t53060175
EISBN: 978-1-62708-261-7
... mechanical property requirements. Another category of steel based on strength is a group called ultrahigh-strength steels . These are commercial structural steels capable of a minimum yield strength of 1380 MPa (200 ksi). Three types of ultrahigh-strength steels are: Medium-carbon low-alloy steels...
Abstract
This chapter describes the classification of steels and the various compositional categories of commercial steel products. It explains how different alloying elements affect the properties of carbon and low-alloys steels and discusses strength, toughness, and corrosion resistance and how to improve them.
Book Chapter
Reference Tables
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.tt2.t51060273
EISBN: 978-1-62708-355-3
... Rhenium 1862 270 . . . . . . Ultrahigh strength steels; wrought, heat treated 1862 270 1172 170 Stainless steels, age hardenable; wrought, aged 1634 237 724 105 Nickel and its alloys 1586 230 69 10 Stainless steels, specialty grades; wrought, 60% cold worked 1558 226 703...
Abstract
This chapter contains tables listing room-temperature tensile yield strength comparisons of metals and plastics and room-temperature tensile modulus of elasticity comparisons of various materials.
Book Chapter
Maraging Steels
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.aub.t61170234
EISBN: 978-1-62708-297-6
... ( Fig. 1 ). Fig. 1 Plane-strain fracture toughness of maraging steels compared with fracture toughness of several ultrahigh strength steels as a function of tensile strength. Applications Maraging steels have been used extensively in two general types of applications: Aircraft...
Abstract
This article discusses the effects of alloying on the properties and behaviors of maraging steels. It describes how maraging steels differ from conventional steels in that they are strengthened, not by carbon, but by the precipitation of intermetallic compounds. It explains how maraging steels typically have high levels of nickel, cobalt, and molybdenum with little carbon content and how that affects their dimensional stability, fracture toughness, weldability, and resistance to stress-corrosion cracking.
Book Chapter
Martensitic Steels
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 October 2024
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ahsssta2.t59410139
EISBN: 978-1-62708-482-6
.... Source: Ref 8.5 U.S. Steel developed three grades of martensitic ultrahigh-strength steels for roll forming operations that require extreme flatness with excellent bendability for use in crash intrusion applications. The engineering and true stress-strain curves for two types of MS steels...
Abstract
Martensitic (MS) steel is produced by quenching carbon steel from the austenitic phase into martensite. This chapter presents the compositions, microstructures, processing, deformation mechanism, mechanical properties, hot forming process, and attributes of MS steels.
Image
Effect of stress-intensity range and loading frequency on corrosion fatigue...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 December 2015
Fig. 25 Effect of stress-intensity range and loading frequency on corrosion fatigue crack growth in ultrahigh-strength 4340 steel exposed to distilled water at 23 °C (73 °F)
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Effect of stress-intensity range and loading frequency on corrosion fatigue...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 November 2012
Fig. 26 Effect of stress-intensity range and loading frequency on corrosion fatigue crack growth in ultrahigh-strength 4340 steel exposed to distilled water at 23 °C (73 °F). Source: Ref 18
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Book Chapter
Introduction to Steels and Cast Irons
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 March 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mgppis.t60400001
EISBN: 978-1-62708-258-7
... constituent) and a small amount of pearlite (dark etching constituent). Light tan areas are martensite. Etched in 4% picral. 200× High-Strength, Low-Alloy Steels Although many of the previously mentioned AISI/SAE low-alloy steels also have high strength and, in some cases, ultrahigh strength...
Abstract
This chapter introduces the metallographer to the various types of steels and cast irons and explains how they are classified and defined. Classification and designation details are provided for plain carbon steels, alloy steels, and gray, white, ductile, and malleable cast irons.
Book Chapter
Applications of Advanced High-Strength Steels
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 October 2024
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ahsssta2.t59410173
EISBN: 978-1-62708-482-6
... will increase their share in finished vehicle curb weight, while mild, BH, and HSLA steels will decrease that share by a proportional amount. Fig. 11.24 Material share of North American light vehicle finished curb weight trends. AHSS, advanced high-strength steel; UHSS, ultrahigh-strength steel; FR, flat...
Abstract
Advanced high-strength steels (AHSS) are best used for strong structural applications where lightweighting enhances the performance of a product. This chapter focuses on the applications of AHSS in the automotive industry. It explains the effect of automotive processing on AHSS components. The chapter also presents the nonautomotive applications of AHSS. It also provides the uses and trends of AHSS.
Book Chapter
Forming of Advanced High-Strength Steels (AHSS)
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2012
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.smfpa.t53500107
EISBN: 978-1-62708-317-1
... tribological failures in forming advanced high-strength steel (AHSS)/ultrahigh-strength steel. UTS, ultimate tensile strength Workpiece—Sheet Metal Draw bead tests conducted by Dalton et al. ( Ref 6.25 ) showed that galvanized material resulted in less interface friction and less tendency to gall...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the forming characteristics of dual-phase (DP) and transformation-induced plasticity (TRIP) steels. It begins with a review of the mechanical behavior of advanced high-strength steels (AHSS) and how they respond to stress-strain conditions associated with deformation processes such as stretching, bending, flanging, deep drawing, and blanking. It then describes the complex tribology of AHSS forming operations, the role of lubrication, the effect of tool steels and coatings, and the force and energy requirements of various forming presses. It also discusses the cause of springback and explains how to predict and compensating for its effects.
Book Chapter
Advanced High-Strength Steels
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 October 2024
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ahsssta2.t59410061
EISBN: 978-1-62708-482-6
.... High-strength, low-alloy (HSLA) steels have alloy precipitates to strengthen ferrite. Advanced high-strength steels, including ultrahigh-strength steels, rely on the presence of many metallurgical phases (ferrite, martensite, bainite, and austenite) in varying amounts and distributions for different...
Abstract
This chapter presents the nomenclature, generations, thermomechanical processing, microstructure development, and mechanical properties of advanced high-strength steels.
Book Chapter
Stress-Corrosion Cracking of High-Strength Steels (Yield Strengths Greater Than 1240 MPa)
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2017
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.sccmpe2.t55090067
EISBN: 978-1-62708-266-2
... motor casings, missile bodies, springs, high-strength fasteners—in general, applications where weight saving is essential ( Ref 3.1 ). The term ultrahigh-strength steel is often used in these applications, but this description is not clearly defined in terms of yield strength or heat treatment...
Abstract
High-strength steels are susceptible to stress-corrosion cracking (SCC) even in moist air. This chapter identifies such steels and the applications where they are typically found. It provides information on crack growth kinetics and crack propagation models in which hydrogen embrittlement is the predominant mechanism. It explains how different application variables affect SCC, including loading mode, state of stress, type of steel, temperature, electrochemical potential, heat treatment, and deformation processes. It also compares SCC characteristics in different high-strength steels and discusses the influence of composition, steelmaking practice, and application environment.
Book Chapter
Hydrogen Damage
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cpi2.t55030148
EISBN: 978-1-62708-282-2
...; parenthetical values indicate approximate amounts of austenite. Source: Ref 24 Fig. 12 The H 2 S-pH tolerance of low-carbon martensitic stainless steel tested by the slow strain-rate technique. HAC, hydrogen-assisted cracking. Source: Ref 25 Ultrahigh-strength, >1400 MPa (200 ksi...
Abstract
Hydrogen damage is a form of environmentally assisted failure that results most often from the combined action of hydrogen and residual or applied tensile stress. This chapter classifies the various forms of hydrogen damage, summarizes the various theories that seek to explain hydrogen damage, and reviews hydrogen degradation in specific ferrous and nonferrous alloys. The preeminent theories for hydrogen damage are based on pressure, surface adsorption, decohesion, enhanced plastic flow, hydrogen attack, and hydride formation. The specific alloys covered are iron-base, nickel, aluminum, copper, titanium, zirconium, vanadium, niobium, and tantalum alloys.
Book Chapter
Corrosion of Ferritic Stainless Steel Weldments
Available to PurchaseBook: Corrosion of Weldments
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cw.t51820077
EISBN: 978-1-62708-339-3
... + Ti) ≤ 1.0 (a) Single values are maximum values unless otherwise stated. (b) Typical value Nominal chemical compositions of Group III ultrahigh-purity ferritic stainless steel Table 4 Nominal chemical compositions of Group III ultrahigh-purity ferritic stainless steel UNS...
Abstract
Ferritic stainless steels are essentially iron-chromium alloys with body-centered cubic crystal structures. Chromium content is usually in the range of 11 to 30%. The primary advantage of the ferritic stainless steels, and in particular the high-chromium, high-molybdenum grades, is their excellent stress-corrosion cracking resistance and good resistance to pitting and crevice corrosion in chloride environments. This chapter provides information on the classifications, properties, and general welding considerations of ferritic stainless steels. The emphasis is placed on intergranular corrosion, which is the most common cause of failure in ferritic stainless steel weldments. Two case histories involving intergranular corrosion failures of ferritic stainless steel weldments are included. A brief discussion on hydrogen embrittlement is also provided.
Book Chapter
Physical Properties of Carbon and Low-Alloy Steels
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 September 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.fahtsc.t51130541
EISBN: 978-1-62708-284-6
... steel 40 23 Tin antimony 27–54 16–31 Tantalum alloys 35–57 20–33 Lead tin 25–58 14–33 Ultrahigh strength steel 37–48 21–28 Molybdenum alloy steel 31–54 18–31 Pure Vanadium (V) 39–46 23–27 Pure Thallium (Tl) 34–54 20–29 Nickel chromium molybdenum alloy steel 44...
Abstract
This appendix is a collection of tables listing coefficients of linear thermal expansion for carbon and low-alloy steels, presenting a summary of thermal expansion, thermal conductivity, and heat capacity; and listing thermal conductivities and specific heats of carbon and low-alloy steels.
Book Chapter
Forms of Mechanically Assisted Degradation
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cpi2.t55030117
EISBN: 978-1-62708-282-2
..., such as ultrahigh-strength steel in distilled water ( Fig. 25 ), are characterized by high growth rates that depend on ΔK to a reduced power. Time-dependent corrosion fatigue crack growth occurs mainly above the threshold stress intensity for static load cracking and is modeled through linear superposition of SCC...
Abstract
This chapter discusses five forms of mechanically assisted degradation of metals: erosion, fretting, fretting fatigue, cavitation and water drop impingement, and corrosion fatigue. Emphasis is placed on the mechanisms and the factors affecting these forms of degradation.
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