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tin lead alloys
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Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.aub.t61170528
EISBN: 978-1-62708-297-6
... Abstract This article examines the role of alloying in the production and use of lead and tin. It describes the various categories and grades of lead and lead-base alloys along with their nominal compositions and corresponding UNS numbers. It also discusses the composition and properties...
Abstract
This article examines the role of alloying in the production and use of lead and tin. It describes the various categories and grades of lead and lead-base alloys along with their nominal compositions and corresponding UNS numbers. It also discusses the composition and properties of lead used in battery grids, type metals, and bearings. It, likewise, discusses the use of tin in various types of solder and in bearings and provides composition and property data for application-specific designations and grades. The article also discusses the effect of impurities in tin-lead solders and the amounts and combinations in which they are found.
Image
Published: 01 April 2004
Fig. 2.34 Tensile strength of cast bars of lead-tin alloys. Optimal mechanical properties are coincident with the eutectic composition (Pb-62Sn). Adapted from Inoue, Kurihara, and Hachino [1986 ]
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Image
Published: 01 October 2011
Image
Published: 01 December 2006
Fig. 2.2 Extruded sections and tubes in lead base and tin alloys for use as anodes for the electrochemical coating, supply tubes for aggressive media, materials for seals and radiation protection, etc. Source: Collin
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Image
Published: 01 August 2013
Fig. 2.5 The eutectic structure of a lead-tin alloy consisting of alternating platelets of lead-rich and tin-rich phases. Source: Ref 2.1
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Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 October 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mnm2.t53060315
EISBN: 978-1-62708-261-7
..., the term bronze is also used to describe copper alloys that contain considerably less tin than other alloying elements, such as manganese bronze (copper-zinc plus manganese, tin, and iron) and leaded tin bronze (copper-lead plus tin and sometimes zinc). The generic term bronze also applies to copper...
Abstract
Nonferrous metals are of commercial interest both as engineering materials and as alloying agents. This chapter addresses both roles, discussing the properties, processing characteristics, and applications of several categories of nonferrous metals, including light metals, corrosion-resistance alloys, superalloys, refractory metals, low-melting-point metals, reactive metals, precious metals, rare earth metals, and metalloids or semimetals. It also provides a brief summary on special-purpose materials, including uranium, vanadium, magnetic alloys, and thermocouple materials.
Book Chapter
Book: Principles of Soldering
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 April 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ps.t62440049
EISBN: 978-1-62708-352-2
... achievable with common filler metals, provided the basic design guidelines and process conditions are satisfied. Lead-tin eutectic solder, which is taken to include the Pb-60Sn alloy, accounts for the largest proportion of joints involving filler metals that are encountered. It is the more exceptional...
Abstract
This chapter presents an overview and survey of solder alloy systems. Extensive reference is made to phase diagrams and their interpretation. The chapter describes the effect of metallic impurities on different solders. The chapter concludes with a review of the key characteristics of eutectic alloys and of the factors most effective at depressing the melting point of solders by eutectic alloying.
Book Chapter
Book: Principles of Soldering
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 April 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ps.t62440189
EISBN: 978-1-62708-352-2
... that the electronics industry uses approximately 60,000 tonnes (66,000 tons) of lead-tin solder each year and the lighting industry somewhat more. This is used to make approximately 10 13 soldered joints per annum [ Vincent and Humpston 1994 ]. For any alloy to be a worthwhile solder for the electronics industry...
Abstract
This chapter presents several materials and processes related to soldering technology. It first provides information on lead-free solders, followed by sections devoted to flip-chip processes, diffusion soldering, and modeling. Scanning acoustic microscopy and fine-focus x-ray techniques are also discussed. The chapter describes several evaluation procedures and tests developed to measure solderability and standards for process calibration. The chapter also describes the characteristics of reinforced solders, amalgams used as solders, and other strategies to boost the strength of solders. Further, the chapter considers methods for quantifying the mechanical integrity of joints and predicting their dimensional stability under specified environmental conditions. It discusses the effects of rare earth elements on the properties of solders. The chapter concludes with information on advanced joint characterization techniques.
Book Chapter
Book: Principles of Soldering
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 April 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ps.t6244000x
EISBN: 978-1-62708-352-2
... be construed as a manufactured solder alloy has been found in King Tutankhamun's tomb (1350 B.C .), although there is some debate among scholars about the deliberateness of the metallurgy of this joint. Solders comprising alloys of lead and tin were almost certainly used during the Iron Age [ Tylecote...
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.emea.t52240597
EISBN: 978-1-62708-251-8
... Abstract This chapter discusses the compositions, properties, and applications of nonferrous metals, including zirconium, hafnium, beryllium, lead, tin, gold, silver, and platinum group metals. It also addresses fusible alloys and provides melting temperatures for several compositions...
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ems.t53730011
EISBN: 978-1-62708-283-9
.... In a solid alloy of lead and tin, solid lead can dissolve tin, and solid tin can dissolve lead. Figure 2.2 is a plot of the solubility limits in the lead-tin system. Fig. 2.2 Solubility limits in the lead-tin system If the lead-rich solid solution is designated by α and the tin-rich solid...
Abstract
Phases are distinct states of aggregation of matter and one of the primary leverage points for understanding and applying materials. This chapter discusses the phase nature of metals and alloys, the concept of solid solutions, and the use of phase diagrams. It also describes some of the metallurgical effects of freezing or solidification, including the segregation of solutes and the formation of metal glasses.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ex2.t69980195
EISBN: 978-1-62708-342-3
... spectrum of materials to be extruded. This chapter focuses on the processes involved in the extrusion of semifinished products in various metals and their alloys, namely tin, lead, lead-base soft solders, tin-base soft solders, zinc, magnesium, aluminum, copper, titanium, zirconium, iron, nickel...
Abstract
Compared with other deformation processes used to produce semifinished products, the hot-working extrusion process has the advantage of applying pure compressive forces in all three force directions, enhancing workability. The available variations in the extrusion process enable a wide spectrum of materials to be extruded. This chapter focuses on the processes involved in the extrusion of semifinished products in various metals and their alloys, namely tin, lead, lead-base soft solders, tin-base soft solders, zinc, magnesium, aluminum, copper, titanium, zirconium, iron, nickel, and powder metals. It discusses their properties and applications as well as suitable equipment for extrusion. It further discusses the processes involved in the extrusion of semifinished products in exotic alloys and extrusion of semifinished products from metallic composite materials.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.aub.t61170457
EISBN: 978-1-62708-297-6
... classification of coppers and copper alloys Generic name UNS No. Composition Wrought alloys Coppers (a) C10100–C15815 > 99% Cu High-copper alloys (b) C16200–C19900 > 96% Cu Brasses C20100–28000 Cu-Zn Leaded brasses C31200–C38500 Cu-Zn-Pb Tin brasses C40400–C48600...
Abstract
This article discusses the composition, properties, and behaviors of copper and its alloys. It begins with an overview of the characteristics, applications, and commercial grades of wrought and cast copper. It then discusses the role of alloying, explaining how zinc, tin, aluminum, silicon, and nickel affect the physical and mechanical properties of coppers and high-copper alloys as well as brasses, bronzes, copper-nickels, and nickel silvers. It also explains how alloying affects electrical conductivity, corrosion resistance, stress-corrosion cracking, and processing characteristics.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 September 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.fahtsc.t51130541
EISBN: 978-1-62708-284-6
... (Yb) 20–33 11–18 Pure Indium (In) 25–28 14–16 Lead tin solder 27–29 15–16 Commercially pure or low-alloyed lead 28 16 Tin silver 23–24 13–19 9xx.x series cast aluminum plus other elements 29 16 Pure Lead (Pb) 28–30 16–17 Pure Thallium (Tl) 26–32 14–18 Magnesium...
Abstract
This appendix is a collection of tables listing coefficients of linear thermal expansion for carbon and low-alloy steels, presenting a summary of thermal expansion, thermal conductivity, and heat capacity; and listing thermal conductivities and specific heats of carbon and low-alloy steels.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.jub.t53290165
EISBN: 978-1-62708-306-5
... on its surface. Wetting actually depends on a slight surface alloying of the base metal with the brazing filler metal. Lead, for example, does not alloy with iron and will not wet it. Tin, on the other hand, does form an alloy with iron, so a tin-lead solder will wet steel. Fig. 7.2 Principle...
Abstract
Brazing and soldering processes use a molten filler metal to wet the mating surfaces of a joint, with or without the aid of a fluxing agent, leading to the formation of a metallurgical bond between the filler and the respective components. This chapter discusses the characteristics, advantages, and disadvantages of brazing and soldering. The first part focuses on the fundamentals of the brazing process and provides information on filler metals and specific brazing methods. The soldering portion of the chapters provides information on solder alloys used, selection criteria for base metal, the processes involved in precleaning and surface preparation, types of fluxes used, solder joint design, and solder heating methods.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.emea.t52240469
EISBN: 978-1-62708-251-8
... Coppers C10100-C15760 >99% Cu High-copper alloys C16200-C19600 >96% Cu Brasses C20500-C28580 Cu-Zn Leaded brasses C31200-C38590 Cu-Zn-Pb Tin brasses C40400-C49080 Cu-Zn-Sn-Pb Phosphor bronzes C50100-C52400 Cu-Sn-P Leaded phosphor bronzes C53200-C54800 Cu-Sn-Pb-P...
Abstract
Copper is often used in the unalloyed form because pure copper is more conductive than copper alloys. Alloying elements are added to optimize strength, ductility, and thermal stability, with little negative effect on other properties such as conductivity, fabricability, and corrosion resistance. This chapter covers the classification, composition, properties, and applications of copper alloys, including brasses, bronzes, copper-nickel, beryllium-copper, and casting alloys. It also examines wrought copper alloys and pure coppers. The chapter begins with an overview of the copper production process and concludes with a discussion on corrosion resistance.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 April 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.tpsfwea.t59300163
EISBN: 978-1-62708-323-2
... other metals such as iron, tin, and lead have also been known for thousands of years. Somehow, ancient civilizations made tools from bronzes, alloys of copper and tin; they practiced metallurgy. Fig. 6.1 Mass copper from Calumet, Michigan, USA Copper is one of the most metallic metals...
Image
Published: 01 April 2004
Fig. 5.3 Stress-rupture life of joints made with low-melting-point solders, tested at room temperature. Silver-tin solder is more resilient than lead-tin eutectic, while indium-tin alloys are less able to resist creep.
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Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ems.t53730149
EISBN: 978-1-62708-283-9
... of similar composition. Copper that is mixed with other metals, perhaps by having been tinned or soldered, or alloys to which lead has been added for machinability, can be used in alloys—such as bronze—that contain these metals. At present, approximately 70% of the zinc produced originates from mined...
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 October 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mnm2.t53060073
EISBN: 978-1-62708-261-7
... Six metals were used by prehistoric man: gold, silver, copper, tin, lead, and iron. Gold and silver were too soft to be useful for much except decoration. Copper could be hardened by hammering or forging and was therefore useful as a tool but had little value as a weapon. Bronze, developed by alloying...
Abstract
The discovery and use of materials have shaped civilization since ancient times. This chapter traces the history of the use of metals from hammered copper estimated to be 11,000 years old to the development of electrolytically refined aluminum in 1884. The discussion covers the advent of the Bronze Age, extraction of metals from their respective ores, and the discovery of modern metals such as chromium, vanadium, platinum, and titanium.
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