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through hardening
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Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 September 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.gmpm.t51250155
EISBN: 978-1-62708-345-4
... ... ... ... ... 56 54.0 79.0 105 ... 80 ... ... ... ... 47 47.7 75.7 ... ... 70 ... ... ... ... 34 38.5 71.5 ... ... (a) Load, 3000 kgf; diam, 10 mm (0.4 in.) Typical Brinell hardness ranges of gears after through hardening Table 2 Typical Brinell hardness ranges of gears...
Abstract
The through-hardening process is generally used for gears that do not require high surface hardness. Four different methods of heat treatment are primarily used for through-hardened gears. In ascending order of achievable hardness, these methods are annealing, normalizing and annealing, normalizing and tempering, and quenching and tempering. This chapter discusses the processes involved in the through-hardening of gears. It provides information on designing procedures, hardness, distortion, and applications of the through-hardened gears. The chapter presents a case history on the design and manufacture of a through-hardened gear rack.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.htgpge.t67320021
EISBN: 978-1-62708-347-8
... ... ... ... ... 34 38.5 71.5 ... ... (a) Load, 3000 kgf; diam, 10 mm (0.4 in.) Typical Brinell hardness ranges of gears after through hardening Table 4.2 Typical Brinell hardness ranges of gears after through hardening Material (AISI steel) Brinell hardness (HB) Maximum Brinell hardness...
Abstract
Through-hardening heat treatment is generally used for gears that do not require high surface hardness. In through hardening, gears are first heated to a required temperature and then cooled either in the furnace or quenched in air, gas, or liquid. Four heat treatment methods are primarily used for through-hardened gears: annealing, normalizing and annealing, normalizing and tempering, and quenching and tempering. This chapter begins with a discussion of these through-hardening processes. This is followed by sections providing some factors affecting the design and hardness levels of through-hardened gears. Next, the chapter reviews the considerations related to distortion of through-hardened gears. It then discusses the applications of through-hardened gears. Finally, the chapter presents a case history of the design and manufacture of a through-hardened gear rack.
Image
Published: 01 December 1999
Fig. 4.15 Rotating beam fatigue strength of case-hardening, through- hardening, and tool steels as a function of surface hardness. Source: Ref 21
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Published: 01 September 2008
Fig. 6 Selection of heating conditions in scan hardening to provide through hardening of a cylindrical rod
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Image
Published: 01 November 2012
Fig. 17 Effect of carbon content and hardness on fatigue limit of through-hardened and tempered 4140, 4053, and 4063 steels. Source: Ref 8
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Published: 01 December 2001
Fig. 20 Effect of carbon content and hardness on fatigue limit of through-hardened and tempered 4140, 4053, and 4063 steels
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Image
Published: 01 August 2015
Fig. 10.14 Examples of surface-hardened gears using through surface hardening definition. (a) Transmission gear pinion. (b) Shaft/helical gear. (c) Pump gear. Courtesy of ERS Engineering, Inc. Source: Ref 5
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Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.piht2.t55050191
EISBN: 978-1-62708-311-9
... Abstract Induction heat treating is used in a wide range of applications. Typical uses, as described in this chapter, include the surface hardening of many types of shafts as well as gears and sprockets and the through-hardening of gripping teeth, cutting edges, and impact zones incorporated...
Abstract
Induction heat treating is used in a wide range of applications. Typical uses, as described in this chapter, include the surface hardening of many types of shafts as well as gears and sprockets and the through-hardening of gripping teeth, cutting edges, and impact zones incorporated into various types of tools and track pins manufactured for off-highway equipment.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 September 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.gmpm.t51250039
EISBN: 978-1-62708-345-4
... (a) 0.04 P max, 0.05 S max. (b) 0.15–0.35 Si. (c) 0.035 P max, 0.04 S max Chemical compositions of through-hardening gear steels Table 2 Chemical compositions of through-hardening gear steels Steel Composition, % C Mn Ni Cr Mo Other Carbon steels 1035 0.32–0.38...
Abstract
This chapter describes important requirements for ferrous and nonferrous alloys used for gears. Wrought surface-hardening and through-hardening carbon and alloy steels are the most widely used of all gear materials and are emphasized in this chapter. The processing characteristics of gear steels and the bending fatigue strength and properties of carburized steels are reviewed. In addition to wrought steels, the chapter provides information on the other iron-base alloys that are used for gears, namely cast carbon and alloy steels, gray and ductile cast irons, powder metallurgy irons and steels, stainless steels, and tool steels. In terms of nonferrous alloys, the chapter addresses copper-base alloys, die cast aluminum alloys, zinc alloys, and magnesium alloys.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.htgpge.t67320017
EISBN: 978-1-62708-347-8
... of gears and the primary processes used, namely, through-hardening, carburizing and hardening, nitriding, carbonitriding, and induction hardening. Major Heat Treat Processes A great majority of industrial, automotive, and aerospace gears are heat treated by one of the following processes: GEAR...
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2012
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.smfpa.t53500317
EISBN: 978-1-62708-317-1
... and deformation, dimensional stability, toughness, and through hardenability ( Ref 16.25 ). Tool steels are classified by the American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI) based on alloying (i.e., tungsten, molybdenum), application (cold work, hot work steels), and heat treatment (i.e., water hardening, air hardening...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the types of failures that can occur in sheet metal forming tools and explains how to mitigate their effects. It describes the factors that influence galling and wear and the benefits of special treatments and coatings. It provides information on through hardening, case (surface) hardening, and nitriding as well as hard chrome plating, vapor deposition, and thermal diffusion coating. It explains how to measure wear resistance using various tests and provides guidelines for selecting tool materials, treatments, and coatings.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 September 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.gmpm.t51250001
EISBN: 978-1-62708-345-4
... are discussed, followed by information on the basic stresses applied to a gear tooth, the strength of a gear tooth, and the most widely used gear materials. Further, the chapter briefly reviews gear manufacturing methods and the heat treating processing steps including prehardening processes, through hardening...
Abstract
This chapter begins with a review of some of the terms used in the gear industry to describe the design of gears and gear geometries. It then discusses the types of gears that operate on parallel shafts, intersecting shafts, and nonparallel and nonintersecting shafts. Next, the processes involved in the selection of gear are discussed, followed by information on the basic stresses applied to a gear tooth, the strength of a gear tooth, and the most widely used gear materials. Further, the chapter briefly reviews gear manufacturing methods and the heat treating processing steps including prehardening processes, through hardening, and case hardening processes.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 December 2020
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.phtbp.t59310331
EISBN: 978-1-62708-326-3
... Abstract Cast irons, like steels, are iron-carbon alloys but with higher carbon levels than steels to take advantage of eutectic solidification in the binary iron-carbon system. Like steel, heat treatment of cast iron includes stress relieving, annealing, normalizing, through hardening...
Abstract
Cast irons, like steels, are iron-carbon alloys but with higher carbon levels than steels to take advantage of eutectic solidification in the binary iron-carbon system. Like steel, heat treatment of cast iron includes stress relieving, annealing, normalizing, through hardening, and surface hardening. This chapter introduces solid-state heat treatment of iron castings, covering general considerations for heat treatment and discussing the processes, advantages, and disadvantages of heat treatment of cast iron.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.piht2.t55050313
EISBN: 978-1-62708-311-9
... Abstract This appendix illustrates the effect of various operating parameters on the case depth or thickness of scan hardened components. scan hardening through hardening Fig. A2.1 Scan hardening for 3 kHz. Source: Ref 1 Fig. A2.2 Scan hardening for 10 kHz. Source...
Image
Published: 01 August 2015
Fig. 10.3 Comparison of fatigue life of induction surface-hardened transmission shafts with that of through-hardened and carburized shafts. Arrow in lower bar (induction-hardened shafts) indicates that one shaft had not failed after testing for the maximum number of cycles shown. Source: Ref
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Image
Published: 01 November 2012
Fig. 20 Effect of carburizing and surface hardening on fatigue life. Comparison of carburized, through-hardened, and induction-hardened transmission shafts tested in torsion. Arrow in lower bar on chart indicates that one shaft had not failed after the test was stopped at the number of cycles
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Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.htgpge.t67320001
EISBN: 978-1-62708-347-8
... are through hardening, case carburizing and hardening, nitriding, carbonitriding, and induction hardening. Analyses of these processes show case carburizing and hardening offers the highest torque-carrying capacity of gears. In fact, the torque capacity of a carburized and hardened gear set can be three...
Abstract
Modern gears are made from a wide variety of materials. Of all these, steel has the outstanding characteristics of high strength per unit volume and low cost per pound. Although both plain carbon and alloy steels with equal hardness exhibit equal tensile strengths, alloy steels are preferred because of higher hardenability and the desired microstructures of the hardened case and core needed for the high fatigue strength of gears. This chapter provides an overview of the key considerations involved in the selection and application of heat treating processes for alloy steel gears and serves as an introduction to the subsequent chapters in this book.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1999
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cmp.t66770001
EISBN: 978-1-62708-337-9
... and familiarizes readers with the steps involved in determining case depth and verifying that case carbon requirements have been met. case hardening eutectoid carbon content Carbon case hardening, through natural evolution, commercialism, and economics, has become a process for which the possible...
Abstract
This chapter provides a brief but practical overview of the case carburizing process. It discusses the benefits and challenges of the process and compares and contrasts it with other hardening methods. It explains how design allowables and safety factors compensate for unknowns and familiarizes readers with the steps involved in determining case depth and verifying that case carbon requirements have been met.
Image
Published: 01 September 2008
Fig. 94 Comparison of fatigue life of induction surface-hardened transmission shafts with that of through-hardened and carburized shafts. Arrow in lower bar (induction-hardened shafts) indicates that one shaft had not failed after testing for the maximum number of cycles shown. Source: Ref 45
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Image
Published: 01 December 1999
Fig. 1 Failure regions of industrial and automotive spur and helical gears. (a) Through hardened, 180-350 HB. (b) Precision gears, surface hardened
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