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Book Chapter
Thermodynamics of Extraction
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 July 2009
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.bcp.t52230055
EISBN: 978-1-62708-298-3
... Abstract This chapter provides a fundamental understanding of beryllium reduction thermodynamics as a prerequisite for subsequent chapters on extraction, chemical processing, and corrosion. It examines a number of reduction methods along with a potential refining process, highlighting...
Abstract
This chapter provides a fundamental understanding of beryllium reduction thermodynamics as a prerequisite for subsequent chapters on extraction, chemical processing, and corrosion. It examines a number of reduction methods along with a potential refining process, highlighting the challenges encountered with each.
Book Chapter
Thermodynamics of Solutions
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.tm.t52320055
EISBN: 978-1-62708-357-7
... change by mixing is large. Polymer solutions are good examples, and they were analyzed thermodynamically by P.J. Flory et al. (see Eq 3.67 in Exercise 3.13 ). 3.2 Approximation of Free Energy by Regular Solution Model <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="t52320055-ref1">(Ref 1...
Abstract
This chapter explains the idea of solution theory and the nature of mixed materials. The chapter considers approximation of free energy by the regular solution model and sublattice model. It discusses chemical potential and nonrandom distribution based on the interactions between solute atoms.
Book Chapter
Thermodynamics of Phase Diagrams
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.tm.t52320091
EISBN: 978-1-62708-357-7
... for a multicomponent system can be obtained by mutual support of experiments, computer models, and thermodynamics. However, a correct “map” may be just an ornament if one does not know how to use it. In this chapter, the significance of the “map” and methods to make a use of it for studies and development of new...
Abstract
This chapter explains the significance of the phase diagram and its use in the development of new materials. The chapter describes the basic rules of heterogeneous equilibrium, presents a comparison between liquidus line and solidus line, and provides information on the solubility curve and the binodal curve.
Book Chapter
Thermodynamics of Interfaces
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.tm.t52320123
EISBN: 978-1-62708-357-7
... Abstract This chapter considers various behaviors of microstructural interfaces from a thermodynamics viewpoint. It discusses energy of surface and interface, the Gibbs-Thomson Effect, grain-boundary segregation, smooth and rough interfaces, and grain growth. gas molecules grain boundary...
Abstract
This chapter considers various behaviors of microstructural interfaces from a thermodynamics viewpoint. It discusses energy of surface and interface, the Gibbs-Thomson Effect, grain-boundary segregation, smooth and rough interfaces, and grain growth.
Book Chapter
Thermodynamics of Diffusion
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.tm.t52320167
EISBN: 978-1-62708-357-7
... by Kirkendall, et al. immediately after the World War II ( Ref 2 ), and thermodynamic analysis by Darken et al. ( Ref 3 , 4 ). 6.3.1 Kirkendall Effect E.O. Kirkendall, et al. in the United States (1947) manipulated a Cu-Zn sample as shown in Fig. 6.6(a) by plating 70-30 brass that was wound molybdenum...
Abstract
This chapter provides a detailed discussion on the Brownian motion, diffusion coefficient , and Fick's diffusion laws. It presents a review of solid phase diffusion and discusses the mechanism of diffusion and diffusion coefficient.
Book Chapter
Thermodynamics of Ordering
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.tm.t52320197
EISBN: 978-1-62708-357-7
... thermodynamics From the 1930s through the 1960s, “solid state physics” flourished and the true characteristics of matters were elucidated using statistical thermodynamics. “Thermodynamics of ordering” is one of the important items, the exquisite theories including the B-W-G model were published one after...
Abstract
This chapter covers the analytical methods developed to characterize ordering phenomena in crystal structures. The chapter gives examples of ordering phenomena and discusses models for long-range ordering, such as the Bragg-Williams-Gorsky (B-W-G) model, and for short-range ordering. Examples of ordering and phase separation due to ordering by the B-W-G model are described. The chapter includes an appendix covering the effect of phase separation inversion type.
Book Chapter
Thermodynamics of Nucleation
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.tm.t52320225
EISBN: 978-1-62708-357-7
.... Borelius ( Ref 6 ) developed thermodynamics of nucleation in a solution by assuming the existence of the aforementioned very small ensemble with the same composition as the product phase (hereafter called “the compatible assembly”). 8.2.2 Driving Force of Nucleation in a Solution The driving force...
Abstract
This chapter reviews the fundamentals of classical nucleation theory, with application examples. The discussion covers the basic subjects of nucleation, spontaneous nucleation in solution, nucleation by inoculation, and nucleation in solids.
Book Chapter
Thermodynamics of Microstructure Change
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.tm.t52320259
EISBN: 978-1-62708-357-7
... Abstract This chapter provides a classification of the types of microstructural changes and transformations and then reviews each type. It presents the Johnson-Mehl-Avrami-Kolmogorov (JMAK) equation and explains the thermodynamics of eutectic solidification and eutectoid transformation...
Abstract
This chapter provides a classification of the types of microstructural changes and transformations and then reviews each type. It presents the Johnson-Mehl-Avrami-Kolmogorov (JMAK) equation and explains the thermodynamics of eutectic solidification and eutectoid transformation. An appendix covers growth of eutectoid structure in carburized pearlite.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.tm.9781627083577
EISBN: 978-1-62708-357-7
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 July 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.fec.t65940023
EISBN: 978-1-62708-302-7
... Abstract This chapter provides a thorough introduction to the electrochemical thermodynamics that govern electrode reactions associated with corrosion. It begins with a review of the thermodynamic criteria for the stability of chemical reactions based on Gibbs free energy and explains how...
Abstract
This chapter provides a thorough introduction to the electrochemical thermodynamics that govern electrode reactions associated with corrosion. It begins with a review of the thermodynamic criteria for the stability of chemical reactions based on Gibbs free energy and explains how energies of formation are determined using the oxidation of iron as an example. It then considers how iron reacts with hydrochloric acid, explaining how it can be expressed as two half reactions modeled as electrodes in an electrochemical cell. It goes on to describe the chemical reactions occurring at each electrode, accounting for different variables, mechanisms, and electrochemical effects. The chapter concludes with an in-depth review of Pourbaix diagrams, explaining what they reveal about the stability of metal-water systems and the formation of corrosion products.
Book Chapter
Thermodynamics and Phase Diagrams
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 March 2012
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.pdub.t53420041
EISBN: 978-1-62708-310-2
... Abstract This chapter explains how the principles of chemical thermodynamics are used in the construction and interpretation of phase diagrams. After a brief review of the laws of thermodynamics, it describes the concept of Gibbs free energy and its application to transformations that occur...
Abstract
This chapter explains how the principles of chemical thermodynamics are used in the construction and interpretation of phase diagrams. After a brief review of the laws of thermodynamics, it describes the concept of Gibbs free energy and its application to transformations that occur in single-component and binary solid solutions. It then examines the relationship between the free energy of a solution and the chemical potentials of the individual components. It also explains how to account for the heat of mixing using quasi-chemical models, discusses the effect of interatomic bond energies and chemical potentials, and shows how the equilibrium state of an alloy can be obtained from free-energy curves.
Book Chapter
Thermodynamics in Extrusion
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 March 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.aet.t68260029
EISBN: 978-1-62708-336-2
... Abstract This chapter provides an overview of the thermodynamics of extrusion. It begins by presenting a thermodynamic model of the extrusion process expressed in the form of finite difference equations. It then explains how the model accounts for multiple sources of heat generation...
Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of the thermodynamics of extrusion. It begins by presenting a thermodynamic model of the extrusion process expressed in the form of finite difference equations. It then explains how the model accounts for multiple sources of heat generation, the influence of principal variables on temperature rise, and different types of temperature measurements. It also discusses the benefits of isothermal extrusion and how it achieves consistent mechanical properties in extruded components.
Book Chapter
Tribology and Thermodynamics in Extrusion
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 April 2025
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.aet2.t59420025
EISBN: 978-1-62708-487-1
... and tooling. The chapter shows a flow diagram highlighting the significant input variables necessary for computer simulation using the fundamentals of friction and thermodynamics models. The chapter explains the influence of principal variables on temperature rise in extrusion. It describes the most common...
Abstract
Tribology plays a critical role in extrusion. This chapter provides an overview of tribology in extrusions including a discussion about the friction models at various locations of the extrusion tooling/die material interfaces and a discussion about wear and lubrication in extrusion die and tooling. The chapter shows a flow diagram highlighting the significant input variables necessary for computer simulation using the fundamentals of friction and thermodynamics models. The chapter explains the influence of principal variables on temperature rise in extrusion. It describes the most common industrial methods of isothermal extrusion of aluminum alloys.
Image
The genealogy of thermodynamics and its development into the thermodynamics...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 December 2008
Fig. 1.7 The genealogy of thermodynamics and its development into the thermodynamics of microstructures
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Image
in Corrosion by Halogen and Hydrogen Halides
> High-Temperature Corrosion and Materials Applications
Published: 01 November 2007
Fig. 6.56 Thermodynamic equilibrium chlorine partial pressure ( p Cl 2 ) as a function of temperature for several environments (100HCl, Ar-33HCl, and H 2 -30HCl) and several chlorides. Source: Ref 57
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Image
Thermodynamic properties of magnetic materials. (a) The changes in the heat...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 December 2008
Fig. 2.19 Thermodynamic properties of magnetic materials. (a) The changes in the heat capacity (a1), the enthalpy (a2), and the free energy (a3) of bcc Fe according to magnetic transformation. (b) Unless magnetic transition occurs, A 3 transition will not occur. (c) Is hcp Fe nonmagnetic? See
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Comparison of thermodynamically calculated compositions of liquid alloys at...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 March 2012
Fig. 13.3 Comparison of thermodynamically calculated compositions of liquid alloys at the five-phase invariant equilibria with those identified experimentally as bulk metallic glass formers for the Zr-Cu-Ni-Ti system. Source: Ref 13.3 as published in Ref 13.2
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Binary phase diagram of aluminum-beryllium. Curves are from thermodynamic c...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 July 2009
Fig. 15.2 Binary phase diagram of aluminum-beryllium. Curves are from thermodynamic calculations, and their position do not always correspond to the assessed values. Source: Murray and Kahan 1988
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Book Chapter
Free Energy of Pure Substances
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.tm.t52320013
EISBN: 978-1-62708-357-7
... understanding of the U , S , and F of the crystal. It covers basic concepts of thermodynamics of magnetic transition and discusses the role and the meaning of magnetic transition in iron and steel. The chapter concludes with a general discussion on an amorphous phase from a thermodynamic viewpoint...
Abstract
This chapter describes the basics of energy and entropy and “free energy.” Fundamentals of internal energy U , the enthalpy H , entropy S , free energies G , and F of a substance are presented. The chapter also presents the thermal vibration model to promote a better understanding of the U , S , and F of the crystal. It covers basic concepts of thermodynamics of magnetic transition and discusses the role and the meaning of magnetic transition in iron and steel. The chapter concludes with a general discussion on an amorphous phase from a thermodynamic viewpoint.
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