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tensile deformation
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Image
Published: 01 August 2012
Image
in Secondary Working of Bar and Billet[1]
> Titanium: Physical Metallurgy, Processing, and Applications
Published: 01 January 2015
Fig. 10.26 Effect of deformation on tensile properties of heating Ti-6Al-4V in the beta field. The controlling factor is the amount of metal deformation after beta heating.
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in Deformation, Mechanical Properties, and Fracture of Quenched and Tempered Carbon Steels
> Steels: Processing, Structure, and Performance
Published: 01 January 2015
Fig. 18.8 Deformation bands on sheet tensile specimen that showed serrated flow during testing at 150 °C (300 °F). Source: Ref 18.10
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Image
Published: 01 December 2004
Fig. 5 The deformation of an elemental length, dx 0 , of a tensile test specimen of initial cross-sectional area, A 0 , by a stress wave. The displacement of the element is u ; the differential length of the element as a function of time is dx ; the forces acting on the faces
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Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.tt2.t51060209
EISBN: 978-1-62708-355-3
... coefficients, and flow behavior determined in the isothermal hot tensile test. It also describes three often-overlapping stages of cavitation during tensile deformation, namely, cavity nucleation, growth of individual cavities, and cavity coalescence. cavitation deformation flow behavior Gleeble test...
Abstract
This chapter focuses on short-term tensile testing at high temperatures. It emphasizes one of the most important reasons for conducting hot tensile tests: the determination of the hot working characteristics of metallic materials. Two types of hot tensile tests are discussed in this chapter, namely, the Gleeble test and the conventional isothermal hot-tensile test. The discussion covers equipment used and testing procedures for the Gleeble test along with information on hot ductility and strength data from this test. The chapter describes the stress-strain curves, material coefficients, and flow behavior determined in the isothermal hot tensile test. It also describes three often-overlapping stages of cavitation during tensile deformation, namely, cavity nucleation, growth of individual cavities, and cavity coalescence.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.tt2.t51060013
EISBN: 978-1-62708-355-3
... the instability in tensile deformation and stress distribution at the neck in the tensile specimen. It discusses the processes involved in ductility measurement and notch tensile test in tensile specimens. The parameter that is commonly used to characterize the anisotropy of sheet metal is covered. Finally...
Abstract
This chapter focuses on mechanical behavior under conditions of uniaxial tension during tensile testing. It begins with a discussion of properties determined from the stress-strain curve of a metal, namely, tensile strength, yield strength, measures of ductility, modulus of elasticity, and resilience. This is followed by a section describing the parameters determined from the true stress-true strain curve. The chapter then presents the mathematical expressions for the flow curve. The chapter reviews the effect of strain rate and temperature on the stress-strain curve and describes the instability in tensile deformation and stress distribution at the neck in the tensile specimen. It discusses the processes involved in ductility measurement and notch tensile test in tensile specimens. The parameter that is commonly used to characterize the anisotropy of sheet metal is covered. Finally, the chapter covers the characterization of fractures in tensile test specimens.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.spsp2.t54410213
EISBN: 978-1-62708-265-5
... This chapter discusses the stress-strain response of ferritic microstructures and its influence on tensile deformation, strain hardening, and ductile fracture of carbon steels. It describes the ductile-to-brittle transition that occurs in bcc ferrite, the effects of aging and grain size...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the stress-strain response of ferritic microstructures and its influence on tensile deformation, strain hardening, and ductile fracture of carbon steels. It describes the ductile-to-brittle transition that occurs in bcc ferrite, the effects of aging and grain size on strength and toughness, continuous and discontinuous yielding behaviors, and dispersion and solid-solution strengthening processes.
Image
Published: 01 December 2006
Fig. 4.44 Variation with time of recrystallization (Al99.5 after 5.1% tensile deformation) [ And 48 ]
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Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ahsssta.t53700115
EISBN: 978-1-62708-279-2
... strain, compressive strain). The amount of martensite generated in the blank flanged area is less than that in the cup wall area because the wall area undergoes tensile deformation while the flanged area experiences compressive deformation. Tensile deformation is more favorable to the TRIP effect than...
Abstract
Transformation-induced plasticity (TRIP) steels are characterized by their excellent strength and high ductility, which allow the production of more complicated parts for lightweight automotive applications. This chapter provides an overview of the compositions, microstructures, processing, deformation mechanism, mechanical properties, hot forming, tempering, and special attributes of TRIP the steels.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 October 2024
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ahsssta2.t59410127
EISBN: 978-1-62708-482-6
... on the amount of strain but also on the deformation mode (plane strain, compressive strain). The amount of martensite generated in the blank flanged area is less than that in the cup wall area because the wall area undergoes tensile deformation, while the flanged area experiences compressive deformation...
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.emea.t52240201
EISBN: 978-1-62708-251-8
.... Static design of ductile metals is usually based on the yield strength, since most designs do not allow any plastic deformation. However, for brittle metals that do not display any appreciable plastic deformation, tensile strength is a valid design criterion. With most metals, there is a gradual...
Abstract
The mechanical behavior of a material is its response to an applied load or force. Important mechanical properties are strength, hardness, stiffness, and ductility. This chapter discusses three principal ways in which these properties are tested: tension, compression, and shear. Important tensile properties that can be determined by the tensile test include yield strength, ultimate tensile strength, ductility, resilience, and toughness. The chapter describes the effects of stress concentrations on ductile metals under cyclic loads. Other topics covered include combined stresses, yield criteria, and residual stresses of metals.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2012
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ffub.t53610025
EISBN: 978-1-62708-303-4
... that is used in design. Static design of ductile metals is usually based on the yield strength, because most designs do not allow any plastic deformation. However, for brittle metals that do not display any appreciable plastic deformation, tensile strength is a valid design criterion, reduced by an appropriate...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the stress-strain response of materials, how it is measured, and how it used to set performance expectations. It begins by describing the common tensile test and how it sheds light on the elastic design of structures as well as plasticity and fracture behaviors. It explains how engineering and true stress-strain curves differ, how one is used for design and the other for analyzing metal forming operations. It discusses the effect of holes, fillets, and radii on the distribution of stresses and the use of notch tensile testing to detect metallurgical embrittlement. The chapter also covers compression, shear, and torsion testing, the prediction of yielding, residual stress, and hardness.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.tt2.t51060115
EISBN: 978-1-62708-355-3
... the measured yield strength. Generally, factors that increase the yield strength decrease the tensile ductility because these factors also inhibit plastic deformation. However, a notable exception to this trend is the increase in ductility that accompanies an increase in yield strength when the grain size...
Abstract
The tensile test provides a relatively easy, inexpensive technique for developing mechanical property data for the selection, qualification, and utilization of metals and alloys in engineering service. The tensile test requires interpretation, and interpretation requires a knowledge of the factors that influence the test results. This chapter provides a metallurgical perspective for such interpretation. The topics covered include elastic behavior, anelasticity, damping, proportional limit, yield point, ultimate strength, toughness, ductility, strain hardening, and yielding and the onset of plasticity. The chapter describes the effects of grain size on yielding, effect of cold work on hardness and strength, and effects of temperature and strain-rate on the properties of metals and alloys. It provides information on true stress-strain relationships and special tests developed to measure the effects of test/specimen conditions. Finally, the chapter covers the characterization of tensile fractures of ductile metals and alloys.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ahsssta.t53700199
EISBN: 978-1-62708-279-2
... tensile samples. Results indicated that rapid phase transformation occurred at true strains of ε = 30% and continued until fracture. Figure 13.7 shows microstructures of annealed and plastically deformed samples at true strain of ε = 37.3%. Fig. 13.7 Scanning electron microscope images...
Abstract
This chapter provides information on ultra-light steel family research programs conducted by the global steel industry under the umbrella of WorldAutoSteel. It discusses the collaboration efforts between U.S government, industry, and academia on advanced high-strength steels (AHSS) technology. Some of the projects on AHSS research and development are also reviewed.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2017
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.sccmpe2.t55090333
EISBN: 978-1-62708-266-2
... deformation and tensile failure. Such a situation cannot occur unless the alloys have very low corrosion resistance. General expression of the corrosion behavior of amorphous alloys is impossible, because corrosion resistance varies greatly among them. In particular, their corrosion resistance differs...
Abstract
Amorphous alloys, because of their lack of crystallographic slip planes, are assumed to be insensitive to the selective corrosion attack that causes stress-corrosion cracking (SCC) in crystalline alloys. However, under certain conditions, melt-spun amorphous alloys have proven vulnerable to SCC due to hydrogen embrittlement. This chapter presents findings from several studies on this phenomenon, describing test conditions as well as cracking and fracture behaviors. It also discusses the effect of deformation on corrosion behavior, particularly for alloys without strongly passivating elements.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 October 2024
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ahsssta2.t59410219
EISBN: 978-1-62708-482-6
... deformation on microstructure and phase transformation in the Fe-30Mn alloy. This was done by measuring the evolution of phase fraction of transformed ε-martensite in deformed tensile samples. The results indicated that rapid phase transformation occurred at true strains of ε = 30% and continued until...
Abstract
This chapter presents a review of some of the global development and deployment of advanced high-strength steels (AHSS). It discusses collaboration projects between government, industry, and academia and summarizes research that has focused on the influence of alloy composition on the microstructure evolution during plastic deformation and the resulting mechanical properties.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.tt2.t51060101
EISBN: 978-1-62708-355-3
... sheet metal forming tensile testing wrinkling THE TERM FORMABILITY refers to the ease with which a metal can be shaped through plastic deformation. Evaluation of the formability of a metal involves measurement of strength, ductility, and the amount of deformation required to cause fracture...
Abstract
Sheet metal forming operations consist of a large family of processes, ranging from simple bending to stamping and deep drawing of complex shapes. Because sheet forming operations are so diverse in type, extent, and rate, no single test provides an accurate indication of the formability of a material in all situations. However, as discussed in this chapter, the uniaxial tensile test is one of the most widely used tests for determining sheet metal formability. This chapter describes the effect of material properties and temperature on sheet metal formability. Information on the types of formability tests is also provided. The chapter discusses the processes involved in uniaxial and plane-strain tensile testing. Examples include the uniaxial tensile test and the plane-strain tensile test which are subsequently described.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 November 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.uhcf3.t53630071
EISBN: 978-1-62708-270-9
... treatments and then pulled to fracture in a tensile test. The bolt at the left was annealed; when pulled, it had much deformation, as evidenced by the necking and thread separation. Fracture was of the cup-and-cone type with a large shear lip, similar to that in Fig. 2 . The bolt at the right...
Abstract
In order to understand how various types of single-load fractures are caused, one must understand the forces acting on the metals and also the characteristics of the metals themselves. All fractures are caused by stresses. Stress systems are best studied by examining free-body diagrams, which are simplified models of complex stress systems. Free-body diagrams of shafts in the pure types of loading (tension, torsion, and compression) are the simplest; they then can be related to more complex types of loading. This chapter discusses the principles of these simplest loading systems in ductile and brittle metals.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.tt2.t51060137
EISBN: 978-1-62708-355-3
... capability under loads sustained over any period greater than the duration of that particular tensile test. Tensile-testing practice accommodates this and related deficiencies pragmatically by regarding deformation rate as a critical variable. A comprehensive evaluation entails the use of several rates...
Abstract
The testing of plastics includes a wide variety of chemical, thermal, and mechanical tests. This chapter reviews the tensile testing of plastics, which has been standardized in ASTM D 638, "Standard Test Method for Tensile Properties of Plastics," and other comparable standards. It describes the fundamental factors that affect data from tensile tests, examines the stipulations in standardized tensile testing, and discusses the utilization of data from tensile tests.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.tt2.9781627083553
EISBN: 978-1-62708-355-3
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