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tear resistance
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Published: 01 January 2022
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Published: 01 January 2022
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.aacppa.t51140301
EISBN: 978-1-62708-335-5
... ) are consistent with the ½ in. (12.5 mm) diam specimen specified by ASTM E 602. Fig. A3.5 Cylindrical 0.5 in. (12.5 mm) diam sharply notched tensile specimen. Notch tip radius ≤ 0.0005 in. Data for tear resistance ( Chapter 8, section 8.5.2 ) were generated using specimens of the design in Fig...
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2010
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.sap.t53000111
EISBN: 978-1-62708-313-3
... Abstract This chapter discusses the effect of composition on environmental resistance, machinability, and casting and forging, factors that are often considered when selecting a superalloy. environmental resistance materials selection superalloys THE EFFECT OF COMPOSITION...
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 July 1997
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.wip.t65930283
EISBN: 978-1-62708-359-1
.... aluminum alloys anodizing corrosion resistance cracking fatigue performance hot tears shear strength weld ductility weldability test welding THE WELDABILITY of aluminum alloys is influenced by the following physical properties inherent to all aluminum alloys: Oxide formation...
Abstract
This article reviews weldability of aluminum alloys and factors that affect weld performance. It first addresses hot tears, which can form during the welding of various aluminum alloys. It then presents comparison data from different weldability tests and discusses the specific properties that affect welding, namely oxide characteristics; the solubility of hydrogen in molten aluminum; and its thermal, electrical, and nonmagnetic characteristics. The article addresses the primary factors commonly considered when selecting a welding filler alloy, namely ease of welding or freedom from cracking, tensile or shear strength of the weld, weld ductility, service temperature, corrosion resistance, and color match between the weld and base alloy after anodizing. A number of factors, both global and local, that influence the fatigue performance of welded aluminum joints are also covered.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.aacppa.t51140069
EISBN: 978-1-62708-335-5
... composites. aluminum casting alloys aluminum castings cast aluminum matrix composites corrosion resistance fatigue strength mechanical properties notch toughness physical properties plane-strain fracture toughness subcritical crack growth tear resistance This chapter takes a detailed...
Abstract
This chapter reviews and provides data tables for the wide range of properties and performance characteristics that are possible with specific aluminum casting alloys and tempers. Properties and performance attributes addressed include casting and finishing characteristics; typical physical properties; typical and minimum (design) mechanical properties; fatigue strength; fracture resistance, including subcritical crack growth; and resistance to general corrosion and to stress-corrosion cracking. The chapter concludes with information on the properties of cast aluminum matrix composites.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2022
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.isceg.t59320217
EISBN: 978-1-62708-332-4
...-strength and high-temperature applications and also in castings that are welded together. Table 12.3 ( Ref 1 ) summarizes the effects of alloying elements on phases and properties. Both sulfur and phosphorus are considered impurities that adversely affect ductility, toughness, corrosion resistance...
Abstract
Steel is broadly classified as plain-carbon steels, low-alloy steels, and high-alloy steels. This chapter begins by describing microconstituents of low- and medium-carbon steel, including bainite and martensite. This is followed by a section discussing the effect of alloying elements on steel. Then, it provides an overview of steel casting applications. Next, the chapter reviews engineering guidelines for steel castings and feeder design. The following section provides information on feeding aids. Further, the chapter describes the elements of gating systems for steel castings. It also describes the alloys, properties, applications, and engineering details of steel. Finally, the chapter explains defects in steel castings and presents guidelines for problem solving with examples.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 July 1997
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.wip.t65930071
EISBN: 978-1-62708-359-1
.... Colloquially, these four defect types are known as hot cracks, heat-affected zone microfissures, cold cracks, and lamellar tearing. cold cracks fusion welding heat-affected zone hot cracks lamellar tearing welded assemblies THE FORMATION OF DEFECTS in materials that have been fusion welded...
Abstract
The formation of defects in materials that have been fusion welded is a major concern in the design of welded assemblies. This article describes four types of defects that, in particular, have been the focus of much attention because of the magnitude of their impact on product quality. Colloquially, these four defect types are known as hot cracks, heat-affected zone microfissures, cold cracks, and lamellar tearing.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.aacppa.t51140007
EISBN: 978-1-62708-335-5
... that are to be brazed. Machinability and resistance to general corrosion is usually good. The chemistry of most alloys is controlled to minimize stress-corrosion susceptibility. The castability of Al-Zn-Mg alloys is poor, and good foundry practices are required to minimize hot tearing and shrinkage defects. 2.4.7...
Abstract
Aluminum casting alloy compositions parallel those of wrought alloys in many respects. However, because work hardening plays no significant role in the development of casting properties, the use and purposes of some alloying elements differ in casting alloys versus wrought alloys. This chapter provides information on specifications and widely used designation systems and alloy nomenclature for aluminum casting alloys. It describes the composition of seven basic families of aluminum casting alloys: aluminum-copper, aluminum-silicon-copper, aluminum-silicon, aluminum-silicon-magnesium, aluminum-magnesium, aluminum-zinc-magnesium, and aluminum-tin. The chapter discusses the effects of alloying elements on the properties of cast aluminum. It provides information on various alloys that are grouped with respect to their applications or major performance characteristics.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 July 1997
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.wip.t65930197
EISBN: 978-1-62708-359-1
... of service failures. The discussion covers various factors that may lead to the failure of arc welds, electroslag welds, electrogas welds, resistance welds, flash welds, upset butt welds, friction welds, electron beam welds, and laser beam welds. corrosion deformation fracture inspection mechanical...
Abstract
Weldment failures may be divided into two classes: those identified during inspection and mechanical testing and those discovered in service. Failures in service arise from fracture, wear, corrosion, or deformation. In this article, major attention is directed toward the analysis of service failures. The discussion covers various factors that may lead to the failure of arc welds, electroslag welds, electrogas welds, resistance welds, flash welds, upset butt welds, friction welds, electron beam welds, and laser beam welds.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2012
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ffub.t53610585
EISBN: 978-1-62708-303-4
... to the severity of a specific service condition that is anticipated for the application. Typical characteristics include strength, corrosion resistance, heat treatment condition, flaw size, surface finish, bend radius, void content (i.e., in castings), and degree of sensitization. Examples of service conditions...
Abstract
This appendix provides detailed information on design deficiencies, material and manufacturing defects, and service-life anomalies. It covers ingot-related defects, forging and sheet forming imperfections, casting defects, heat treating defects, and weld discontinuities. It shows how application life is affected by the severity of service conditions and discusses the consequences of using inappropriate materials.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 1999
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.caaa.t67870085
EISBN: 978-1-62708-299-0
.... This phenomenon does not usually occur on aluminum at velocities below 3 m/s (10 ft/s). Gehring ( Ref 1 ) studied attack on aluminum by high-velocity seawater, using the polarization resistance technique to estimate metal removal as well as weight loss. Typical data for 5456 alloy show that following...
Abstract
This chapter explains how mechanical processes, including erosion, cavitation, impingement, and fretting, contribute to the effects of corrosion in aluminum alloys. It describes the two main types of erosion-corrosion and the factors involved in cavitation and liquid impingement erosion along with testing and prevention methods. It also provides information on fretting corrosion and fretting fatigue.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.aub.t61170242
EISBN: 978-1-62708-297-6
... was unique in that it combined high toughness and ductility with high work-hardening capacity and, usually, good resistance to wear. Consequently, it rapidly gained acceptance as a very useful engineering material. Hadfield’s austenitic manganese steel is still used extensively, with minor modifications...
Abstract
This article provides an overview of austenitic manganese steels. It describes the standard composition ranges of commercial products and explains how various alloying elements affect mechanical properties, processing, and performance. The article also discusses special grades of manganese steels and the types of applications for which they have been developed.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2010
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.sap.t53000059
EISBN: 978-1-62708-313-3
... an alloy with optimal mechanical properties at high temperatures while providing sufficient environmental resistance, although component designers have become increasingly dependent on coatings and cooling systems to make up for any shortcoming in environmental resistance. The study of alloying elements...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the typical compositional ranges of superalloys, the role of major base metals (iron, cobalt, and nickel), and the effects of common alloying additions. It describes how chromium, aluminum, and titanium as well as refractory elements, grain-boundary elements, reactive elements, and oxides influence mechanical properties and behaviors. It also discusses the effect of trace elements.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 July 1997
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.wip.t65930057
EISBN: 978-1-62708-359-1
... surface of a weld in steel that consists of a small pore or inclusion surrounded by a bright, round area Segregation: The nonuniform distribution or concentration of impurities or alloying elements that arises during the solidification of the weld Lamellar tearing: A type of cracking that occurs...
Abstract
Discontinuities are interruptions in the desirable physical structure of a weld. This article describes the types of weld discontinuities that are characteristic of the principal welding processes. Discontinuities covered are metallurgical discontinuities, discontinuities associated with specialized welding processes, and base metal discontinuities. In addition, information on the common inspection methods used to detect these discontinuities is provided.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.aub.t61170003
EISBN: 978-1-62708-297-6
... Abstract This article discusses the general purpose of alloying and identifies some of the material properties and behaviors that can be improved by adding various elements to the base metal. It explains how alloying can make metals stronger and more resistant to corrosion and wear as well...
Abstract
This article discusses the general purpose of alloying and identifies some of the material properties and behaviors that can be improved by adding various elements to the base metal. It explains how alloying can make metals stronger and more resistant to corrosion and wear as well as easier to cast, weld, form, and machine. It also discusses some of the alloying techniques that have been developed to address problems stemming from dissimilarities between the base metal and alloying or inoculate material.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1995
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.sch6.t68200115
EISBN: 978-1-62708-354-6
...-12 . This outlines the proper proportions between the thicknesses of the joined members, the fillet radii at the junction, and the taper required. Following these rules will reduce foundry problems such as shrinkage and also will reduce the tendency for hot tears. “Y” junctions are similar to “T...
Abstract
This chapter explains various aspects of the foundry process that the design engineer should consider when designing steel castings. It discusses special feeding aids, such as tapers, padding, ribs, and chills that may be used by foundry personnel to promote directional solidification. The chapter addresses the design of castings to reduce the occurrence of internal shrinkage. It provides a detailed discussion on design considerations for molding, cleaning, machining, and function.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 1999
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.lmcs.t66560081
EISBN: 978-1-62708-291-4
... and niobium- and vanadium-containing steels, and high-strength low-alloy steels. Chapter 5 discusses the composition, microstructure, and properties of these workhorse materials and explains how to identify the cause of production-related issues such as lamellar tearing and ferrite-pearlite banding. It also...
Abstract
This chapter covers a broad range of low-carbon steels optimized for structural applications. Low-carbon structural steels are generally considered the highest-strength steels that can be welded without undue difficulty, even in the field. They include mild steels, carbon-manganese and niobium- and vanadium-containing steels, and high-strength low-alloy steels. Chapter 5 discusses the composition, microstructure, and properties of these workhorse materials and explains how to identify the cause of production-related issues such as lamellar tearing and ferrite-pearlite banding. It also describes some of the alloying variations that have been developed to improve machinability and the mechanisms by which they work.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 March 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.secwr.t68350001
EISBN: 978-1-62708-315-7
... them in critical industries such as mining, energy production, transportation, and mineral and chemical processing. The chapter also describes basic approaches to dealing with corrosion and wear in steel. corrosion protection corrosion resistance steel wear resistance SURFACE ENGINEERING...
Abstract
This chapter begins with a brief review of the different types of surface treatments and coatings used in industry and their effect on properties and performance. It then discusses the importance of corrosion and wear treatments and the consequences of failing to properly implement them in critical industries such as mining, energy production, transportation, and mineral and chemical processing. The chapter also describes basic approaches to dealing with corrosion and wear in steel.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 1983
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mlt.t62860269
EISBN: 978-1-62708-348-5
... 8.2 Crack growth resistance curve and crack driving force curves in R -curve format ( McCabe and Heyer, 1973 ). Figure 8.3 Load–displacement behavior observed in fracture toughness tests. Figure 8.4 ASTM E 399 compact specimen for fracture toughness testing. Figure 8.5...
Abstract
This chapter reviews the concepts of fracture mechanics and their application to materials evaluation and the design of cryogenic structures. Emphasis is placed on an explanation of technology, a review of fracture mechanics testing methods, and a discussion on the many factors contributing to the fracture behavior of materials at cryogenic temperatures. Three approaches of elastic-plastic fracture mechanics are covered, namely the crack opening displacement, the J-integral, and the R-curve methods. The chapter also discusses the influence of thermal and metallurgical effects on toughness at low temperatures.
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