The nonferrous alloys described in this chapter include aluminum and aluminum alloys, copper and copper alloys, titanium and titanium alloys, zirconium and zirconium alloys, and tantalum and tantalum alloys. Some of the factors that affect the corrosion performance of welded nonferrous assemblies include galvanic effects, crevices, assembly stresses in products susceptible to stress-corrosion cracking, and hydrogen pickup and subsequent cracking. The emphasis is placed on the compositions, general welding considerations, and corrosion behavior of these alloys.

Hydrogen damage is a form of environmentally assisted failure that results most often from the combined action of hydrogen and residual or applied tensile stress. This chapter classifies the various forms of hydrogen damage, summarizes the various theories that seek to explain hydrogen damage, and reviews hydrogen degradation in specific ferrous and nonferrous alloys. The preeminent theories for hydrogen damage are based on pressure, surface adsorption, decohesion, enhanced plastic flow, hydrogen attack, and hydride formation. The specific alloys covered are iron-base, nickel, aluminum, copper, titanium, zirconium, vanadium, niobium, and tantalum alloys.

This article discusses the role of alloying in the production and use of common refractory metals, including molybdenum, tungsten, niobium, tantalum, and rhenium. It provides an overview of each metal and its alloys, describing the compositions, properties, and processing characteristics as well as the effect of alloying elements. It also discusses strengthening mechanisms and, where appropriate, corrosion behavior.

This article discusses the weldability and fusion weld properties of refractory metal alloys. The alloys discussed include tantalum, niobium, rhenium, molybdenum, and tungsten.

The refractory metals include niobium, tantalum, molybdenum, tungsten, and rhenium. These metals are considered refractory because of their high melting points, high-temperature mechanical stability, and resistance to softening at elevated temperatures. This article discusses the composition, properties, fabrication procedures, advantages and disadvantages, and applications of these refractory metals and their alloys. A comparison of some of the properties of the refractory metals with those of iron, copper, and aluminum is given in a table. The article concludes with a brief section on refractory metal protective coatings.

This chapter discusses some of the metallurgical factors that affect corrosion of weldments and describes a few considerations for selected nonferrous alloy systems: aluminum, titanium, tantalum, and nickel.

This chapter examines the microstructure of metallic components produced by casting and compares them with microstructures achieved by means of powder metallurgy. It shows how metals and alloys obtained by various processing routes differ in terms of grain size, secondary phases, oxide and carbide dispersions, porosity, dendritic formation, and properties such as hardness, toughness, tensile strength, and yield strength.

This article reviews nondestructive and destructive test methods used to characterize welds. The first process of characterization discussed involves information that may be obtained by direct visual inspection and measurement of the weld. An overview of nondestructive evaluation is included that encompasses techniques used to characterize the locations and structure of internal and surface defects, including radiography, ultrasonic testing, and liquid penetrant inspection. The next group of characterization procedures discussed is destructive tests, requiring the removal of specimens from the weld. The third component of weld characterization is the measurement of mechanical and corrosion properties. Following the discussion on the characterization procedures, the second part of this article provides examples of how two particular welds were characterized according to these procedures.

This chapter discusses the typical compositional ranges of superalloys, the role of major base metals (iron, cobalt, and nickel), and the effects of common alloying additions. It describes how chromium, aluminum, and titanium as well as refractory elements, grain-boundary elements, reactive elements, and oxides influence mechanical properties and behaviors. It also discusses the effect of trace elements.

This appendix contains tables listing the approximate composition of materials for the extrusion process. The materials covered are aluminum alloys, magnesium and magnesium alloys, copper and copper alloys, cobalt alloys, nickel and nickel alloys, iron alloys, steels, lead, tin, zinc alloys, molybdenum, niobium, tantalum, zirconium alloys, titanium, and titanium alloys.