Fig. 9.8 The T-T-T diagram for γ → α transformation of steel (the isothermal transformation diagram). The transformation of pure iron is interface control. The transformation of Fe-C alloys is diffusion control of C atoms. More

Fig. 6 Concentration gradient change at three different times (t 1 , t 2 , t 3 ) More

Fig. 7 Effect of elevated temperatures T 1 and T 2 on tensile and compressive properties of a typical metal More

Fig. 6.24. Resistivity technique for estimating life fraction, t/t r , expended in creep ( Ref 46 ). (a) Resistivity ratio as a function of exposure condition. (b) Decrease in resistivity ratio with expended creep life. More

Fig. 9.41. Gamma-prime particle size as a function of t 1/3 (t is time of thermal exposure) for superalloys (based on Ref 7 , 8 , 64 , and 69 ). More

Fig. 1 Log relaxation modulus, E ( t ), as a function of log time, t (or temperature), for a glassy thermoplastic material. 1, glassy plateau; 2, transition region; 3, rubbery plateau; 4, flow region. T g , glass transition temperature More

Fig. 5.14 Effect of strain rate on flow stress ( t 0 = 1 mm; T = 200 °C, or 390 °F). Source: Ref 5.6 More

Fig. 4.15 Schematic of hydraulic bulge test ( t 0 = original sheet thickness, t = sheet thickness at the apex, h d = bulge height, P = hydraulic pressure, r f = die fillet radius, r c = die cavity radius) More

Fig. 3.8 Schematic of commonly used friction tests; N, load; F, friction force; T, tension More

Figure 2.14 Plot of C / T vs. T 2 to yield β (slope) and γ (intercept) for the specific heat formula, Eq. 2.64 . Experimental data are shown for copper ( Franck, Manchester, and Martin, 1961 ), aluminum ( Kok and Keesom, 1937 ), and Nal ( Clayton and Marshall, 1960 ) More

Figure 2.16 Plot of C / T vs. T 2 for stainless steel AISI 3I0S ( Jelinek and Collings, 1975a ). The rapid increase in C / T at low temperatures is a manifestation of the constant term in the specific heat formula ( Eq. 2.69 ). More

Fig. 1 Elastic stress distribution: pure tension. T, tension. C, compression. (a) No stress concentration. (b) Surface stress concentrations. (c) Transverse hole stress concentration More

Fig. 3 Elastic stress distribution: pure compression. T, tension. C, compression. (a) No stress concentration. (b) Surface stress concentrations. (c) Transverse hole stress concentration More

Fig. 4 Elastic stress distribution: pure bending. T, tension. C, compression. (a) No stress concentration. (b) Transverse surface stress concentrations More