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Image
Influence of the finish of the bearing surface on the quality of the sectio...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 December 2006
Fig. 5.21 Influence of the finish of the bearing surface on the quality of the section surface [ Tok 88 ] No. Finish Roughness, μm Billet temperature, °C 1 Ground parallel in direction of extrusion 1.50–1.75 450 2 Ground parallel in direction of extrusion 0.50–0.75 450
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Image
Surface appearance of a good-quality friction stir weld in 6.35 mm (0.25 in...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 2015
Fig. 12.14 Surface appearance of a good-quality friction stir weld in 6.35 mm (0.25 in.) thick Ti-6Al-4V. Source: Ref 12.18
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Book Chapter
Inspection of Castings
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 April 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.imub.t53720293
EISBN: 978-1-62708-305-8
... Abstract The inspection of castings normally involves checking for shape and dimensions, coupled with aided and unaided visual inspection for external discontinuities and surface quality. This chapter discusses methods for determining surface quality, internal discontinuities, and dimensional...
Abstract
The inspection of castings normally involves checking for shape and dimensions, coupled with aided and unaided visual inspection for external discontinuities and surface quality. This chapter discusses methods for determining surface quality, internal discontinuities, and dimensional inspection. Casting defects including porosity, oxide films, inclusions, hot tears, metal penetration, and surface defects are reviewed. Liquid penetrant inspection, magnetic particle inspection, eddy current inspection, radiographic inspection, ultrasonic inspection, and leak testing for castings are discussed. The chapter provides information on the procedures involved in the inspection of castings that are limited to visual and dimensional inspections, weight testing, and hardness testing. It also discusses the use of computer equipment in foundry inspection operations.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 February 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.chffa.t51040151
EISBN: 978-1-62708-300-3
... Abstract Separation of billets by shearing avoids material loss and is considerably faster than sawing or cutting. This chapter discusses the billet shearing process, the characteristics of sheared surfaces, and the effect of various operating parameters on surface quality. It also includes...
Abstract
Separation of billets by shearing avoids material loss and is considerably faster than sawing or cutting. This chapter discusses the billet shearing process, the characteristics of sheared surfaces, and the effect of various operating parameters on surface quality. It also includes formulas for calculating shearing force, work, and power and describes various ways to increase production rates.
Book Chapter
Joining Titanium and Its Alloys
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.tpmpa.t54480265
EISBN: 978-1-62708-318-8
... Abstract This chapter discusses the various methods used to join titanium alloy assemblies, focusing on welding processes and procedures. It explains how welding alters the structure and properties of titanium and how it is influenced by composition, surface qualities, and other factors...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the various methods used to join titanium alloy assemblies, focusing on welding processes and procedures. It explains how welding alters the structure and properties of titanium and how it is influenced by composition, surface qualities, and other factors. It describes several welding processes, including arc welding, resistance welding, and friction stir welding, and addresses related issues such as welding defects, quality control, and stress relieving. The chapter also covers mechanical fastening techniques along with adhesive bonding and brazing.
Image
Sejournet glass-lubricated extrusion process. Billet surface preparation an...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 2015
Fig. 9.12 Sejournet glass-lubricated extrusion process. Billet surface preparation and heating are important in contributing to extruded surface quality.
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Image
AISI 1006 steel hot rolled, pickled, and subjected to a skin pass cold work...
Available to Purchase
in Mechanical Work of Steels—Cold Working
> Metallography of Steels: Interpretation of Structure and the Effects of Processing
Published: 01 August 2018
Fig. 12.38 AISI 1006 steel hot rolled, pickled, and subjected to a skin pass cold work (a small cold reduction of the surface to guarantee good surface quality and precise thickness). Equiaxial ferrite and pearlite inside the plate. On the surface region, the ferrite grains are elongated
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Book Chapter
Fundamental Research and Future Developments
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 April 2025
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.aet2.t59420363
EISBN: 978-1-62708-487-1
... ) gives a useful review of the influence of die wear on metal-forming operations. The surface quality of extrusion depends on many factors. One of the most important factors is the change of die bearing surface finish due to the wear process. Die wear could be abrasive, adhesive, or both. Abrasive wear...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the scope of research and development in aluminum extrusion technology. Research in the key technology areas of friction, thermodynamics, and die wear are discussed. The chapter also highlights future developments in extrusion technology.
Image
(a) Schematic cross section through a sample subjected to polishing, indica...
Available to Purchase
in Metallographic Technique: Micrography
> Metallography of Steels: Interpretation of Structure and the Effects of Processing
Published: 01 August 2018
Fig. 5.2 (a) Schematic cross section through a sample subjected to polishing, indicating the three most relevant thicknesses, related to the surface quality: e r —rugosity, e d —deformed thickness, and e t —total thickness affected by the polishing process. (b) Evolution of the three
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Book Chapter
Research and Development
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 March 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.aet.t68260245
EISBN: 978-1-62708-336-2
... of the die bearing and extrusion to understand the friction model at the bearing-material interface Study of the different methods and compounds for the thin, hard coating on the bearing surface and their effect on extrusion surface quality, the die wear, and finally, the die life Design...
Abstract
This chapter provides a summary of ongoing efforts to improve quality and productivity in the aluminum extrusion industry. It assesses advancements in several areas including extrusion presses and auxiliary equipment, tool and die technology, billet casting, extrusion thermodynamics and tribology, and process control.
Book Chapter
Steel Products and Properties
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 October 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mnm2.t53060175
EISBN: 978-1-62708-261-7
... inclusion requirement Special surface Carbon steel structural sections Structural quality Carbon steel plates Regular quality Structural quality Cold-drawing quality Cold-pressing quality Cold-flanging quality Forging quality Pressure vessel quality Hot-rolled carbon steel bars...
Abstract
This chapter describes the classification of steels and the various compositional categories of commercial steel products. It explains how different alloying elements affect the properties of carbon and low-alloys steels and discusses strength, toughness, and corrosion resistance and how to improve them.
Book Chapter
Process Control in the Aluminum Extrusion Plant
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 April 2025
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.aet2.t59420347
EISBN: 978-1-62708-487-1
... billets cutting extrusion extrusion press heat treatment quality control stretching surface treatment IN THE ALUMINUM EXTRUSION INDUSTRY, quality is the basic key factor leading to business success, growth, and an enhanced competitive position. A substantial return on investment from...
Abstract
In this chapter, process control of each operational stage is discussed, with a detailed process-control flow diagram to provide a better understanding and to create a process-control document of each operational process stage. This chapter also presents fundamental ideas of a complete process- and quality-control framework system of an aluminum extrusion plant, starting from alloy and billet making to the final heat treatment process parameters required to bring the extrusion to the final alloy and temper designation to meet product requirements.
Book Chapter
Stop-Off Procedures for Selective Nitriding
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.pnfn.t65900163
EISBN: 978-1-62708-350-8
... be expensive due to effluent problems caused by the cyanide-base plating solution, which must be neutralized. Nickel is difficult to strip, and the stripping process could affect part surface quality. Paint-On Methods Proprietary brands of stop-off paints generally contain a liquid carrier...
Abstract
Stop-off coatings prevent nitriding of selected areas on components. This chapter discusses the processes, advantages, and disadvantages of stop-off techniques for gas nitriding, salt bath nitriding, and ion nitriding.
Book Chapter
Extrusion Die and Tooling
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 March 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.aet.t68260087
EISBN: 978-1-62708-336-2
... and manufacture of aluminum extrusion dies with increasing complexity of shape, thickness of section, and quality of surface. Some of this experience is captured in empirical design rules, but extrusion die design is still dependent on personal judgment, intuition, and experience. No two dies of the identical...
Abstract
This chapter familiarizes readers with the design, configuration, and function of tooling and dies used to extrude aluminum alloys. It discuses basic design considerations, including the geometry, location, and orientation of die openings; allowances for thermal shrinkage, stretching, and deflection; and the length and profile of bearing surfaces. It outlines the steps and processes involved in die making, describes the selection and treatment of die materials, and examines the factors that influence friction and wear. It also discusses the general procedures for on-site die correction.
Book Chapter
Extrusion Die and Tooling
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 April 2025
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.aet2.t59420107
EISBN: 978-1-62708-487-1
... finite-element modeling surface treatments thermodynamic properties tribology EXTRUSION supply, cost, and quality are three important factors that play a very important role in meeting the demand of aluminum extruded shapes and profiles in a competitive market worldwide. To meet the highest...
Abstract
This chapter discusses many aspects of extrusion die and tooling, including the terminology and function of extrusion die and tooling, the types of dies, the fundamentals of die design, manufacturing, correction, material, and the surface treatments of die bearings and tribology in extrusion dies. It then presents the fundamentals and function of finite-element modeling simulation. The chapter describes the role of tribology and thermodynamics in the die bearing to control the flow and dimensional stability of extrusion exiting the die.
Book Chapter
Billet Casting Principles and Practice
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 April 2025
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.aet2.t59420167
EISBN: 978-1-62708-487-1
... of its economic viability. The TiB 2 -base grain refiner can elicit billet inclusions, leading to surface-quality defects in the final extruded products, especially high-gloss anodized products. A study ( Ref 5.14 ) was done by producing extrusion billets with reduced or without grain-refiner...
Abstract
This chapter discusses how aluminum and other alloying constituents are added to prepare a furnace charge for the melting process, and how it is cast into billets of various aluminum alloys. Fundamental aspects of billet casting are covered to give an overview of the casting process. The melting practice is discussed, as well as grain refining and degassing. Charge material, grain refining, degassing, filtration of melt, casting systems, and casting variables are discussed. The chapter concludes with a discussion of casting defects.
Book Chapter
Production of Aluminum Rolled Products
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 June 2023
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.atia.t59340117
EISBN: 978-1-62708-427-7
... (when the hot mill is ready) where the temperature will be measured and recorded. Hot Rolling The process of hot rolling aluminum affects the three major attributes of sheet and plate products: dimensional , metallurgical , and surface quality . Metallurgically, the action of repeated...
Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of the rolling and finishing processes required to create a sheet, plate, or foil product from a direct chill (DC) cast ingot. The flow paths, equipment, and operations are described with a view to the basic evolution of the microstructure, surface characteristics, and dimensions.
Book Chapter
Extrusion of Soft- and Medium-Grade Alloys
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 April 2025
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.aet2.t59420233
EISBN: 978-1-62708-487-1
... of technical and economic characteristics, including high extrudability into hollow and complex shapes, simplicity in heat treatment, good electrical conductivity, satisfactory mechanical properties, good surface finish quality, high corrosion resistance, and good weldability for a wide variety of applications...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the extrusion technology of soft- and medium-strength aluminum alloys. The relative extrudability ratings of some soft- and medium-grade alloys are given. The chapter presents useful extrusion parameters and their relationships associated with day-to-day production practices in the aluminum extrusion industry. Useful parameters discussed include: extrusion runout; extrusion pressure; ram or extrusion speed control; and butt or extrusion discard thickness control. The chapter provides fundamental approaches to introducing and developing the design of experiments (DOE) for the aluminum extrusion plant to improve overall productivity. It also focuses on heat treatment of aluminum alloys.
Book Chapter
Billet Casting Principles and Practice
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 March 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.aet.t68260119
EISBN: 978-1-62708-336-2
... flow must be adjusted so that the water will wet the entire surface of the ingot being cast and cascade down its surface. The water must be prevented from bouncing off the ingot surface. In summary, the overall production performance and quality of DC cast billet are influenced by the factors...
Abstract
This chapter describes various aspects of the billet making process and how they affect the quality of aluminum extrusions. It begins with an overview of the direct-chill continuous casting technique and its advantages over other methods, particularly for hard aluminum alloys. It then discusses the influence of casting variables, including pouring temperature and cooling rate, and operating considerations such as the make-up of charge materials, fluxing and degassing procedures, and grain refining. The chapter also provides information on vertical and horizontal casting systems, billet homogenization, and the cause of casting defects, including cracking and splitting, segregation, porosity, and grain growth.
Book Chapter
Extrusion of Hard Alloys
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 April 2025
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.aet2.t59420291
EISBN: 978-1-62708-487-1
... for aerospace applications. Quality Requirements Extrusion defects in high-strength alloys, including speed cracking, blistering, backend extrusion, surface anomalies, and more, should be avoided by using a tight process- and quality-control system before the extrusions are shipped to the aerospace...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the extrusion technology of hard alloys. The chapter provides an overview of hollow extrusion for aerospace application. It presents extrusion defects related to hard alloys. The chapter describes the extrusion quality requirements for aerospace applications. It also discusses extrusion of aluminum-matrix composites. The chapter outlines the powder metallurgy process for making billets for extrusion.
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