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Image
Published: 01 August 2005
Fig. 5.21 Propagation of surface flaw under uniform tension for initial flaw shape a /2 c = 0.3. Courtesy of T.M. Hsu
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Image
Published: 01 August 2005
Fig. 5.22 Propagation of surface flaw under uniform tension for initial flaw shape a /2 c = 0.5. Courtesy of T.M. Hsu
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Book Chapter
Liquid Penetrant, Magnetic Particle, and Eddy-Current Inspection
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 April 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.imub.t53720183
EISBN: 978-1-62708-305-8
... Abstract Liquid penetrant, magnetic particle, and eddy current inspection are used to detect surface flaws. This chapter is a detailed account of the physical principles, process description, equipment requirements, selection criteria, advantages, limitations, and applications of these surface...
Abstract
Liquid penetrant, magnetic particle, and eddy current inspection are used to detect surface flaws. This chapter is a detailed account of the physical principles, process description, equipment requirements, selection criteria, advantages, limitations, and applications of these surface flaw detection techniques.
Book Chapter
Inspection of Steel Bar and Wire
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 April 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.imub.t53720321
EISBN: 978-1-62708-305-8
... caused by excessive material in a given hot roll pass being squeezed out into the area of the roll collar ( Fig. 2(i) ). When turned for the following pass, the material is rolled back into the bar and appears as a lap on the surface. Chevrons Chevrons are internal flaws named for their shape...
Abstract
This chapter focuses on the inspection of steel bars for the detection and evaluation of flaws. The principles involved also apply, for the most part, to the inspection of steel wire. The nondestructive inspection methods discussed include magnetic particle inspection, liquid penetrant inspection, ultrasonic inspection, and electromagnetic inspection. Eddy current and magnetic permeability are also covered.
Image
Dual set of six circumferentially mounted probes used to ultrasonically det...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 April 2013
Fig. 6 Dual set of six circumferentially mounted probes used to ultrasonically detect flaws in cold drawn hexagonal bars. (a) Normal beam method to detect flaws deep inside bar. (b) Angle beam method to detect surface and near-surface flaws. Source: Ref 2
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Book Chapter
Failure Analysis Methodology
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 October 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.faesmch.t51270019
EISBN: 978-1-62708-301-0
..., and pressure vessels. 3.8.1 Conventional Nondestructive Evaluation Techniques Visual Examination Visual examination is an easy and widely used method for detecting surface flaws in a variety of components. Visual examination is carried out with the naked eye and with instruments such as borescopes...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the basic steps of a failure investigation. It explains that the first step is to gather and document information about the failed component and its operating history. It advises investigators to visit the failure site as soon as possible to record damages and collect test specimens for subsequent examination and chemical analysis. It also discusses the role of mechanical property testing, the use of nondestructive evaluation, and the final step of generating a report.
Book Chapter
Inspection of Forgings
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 April 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.imub.t53720365
EISBN: 978-1-62708-305-8
... at the ingot surfaces. Fig. 4 Sections through two heat-resistant alloy ingots showing flaws that can impair forgeability. (a) Piece of unmelted consumable electrode (white spot near center). (b) Shelf (black line along edge) resulting from uneven solidification of the ingot. Source: Ref 1...
Abstract
In forgings of both ferrous and nonferrous metals, the flaws that most often occur are caused by conditions that exist in the ingot, by subsequent hot working of the ingot or the billet, and by hot or cold working during forging. The inspection methods most commonly used to detect these flaws include visual, magnetic particle, liquid penetrant, ultrasonic, eddy current, and radiographic inspection. This chapter provides a detailed discussion on the characteristics, process steps, applications, advantages, and limitations of these methods. It also describes the flaws caused by the forging operation and the principal factors that influence the selection of a nondestructive inspection method for forgings.
Book Chapter
Inspection of Tubular Products
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 April 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.imub.t53720345
EISBN: 978-1-62708-305-8
... and equipment are tube or pipe diameter, wall thickness, surface condition, method of fabrication, electrical conductivity, metallurgical condition, magnetic properties (notably permeability), and degree of magnetization. Nature of Flaws Both the nature of flaws and of potential but unallowable...
Abstract
Wrought tubular products are nondestructively inspected chiefly by eddy current techniques (including the magnetic flux leakage technique) and by ultrasonic techniques. The methods discussed in this chapter include eddy current inspection, flux leakage inspection, ultrasonic inspection, magnetic particle inspection, liquid penetrant inspection, and radiographic inspection of resistance welded tubular products, seamless steel tubular products, and nonferrous tubular products. This chapter discusses the fundamental factors that should be considered in selecting a nondestructive inspection method and in selecting from among the commercially available inspection equipment. The factors covered are product characteristics, nature of the flaws, extraneous variables, rate of inspection, end effect, mill versus laboratory inspection, specification requirements, equipment costs, and operating costs.
Book Chapter
Inspection Methods: Overview and Comparison
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 April 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.imub.t53720001
EISBN: 978-1-62708-305-8
... of the inspection methods that will be covered in the remainder of this book. Visual Inspection Visual inspection provides a means of detecting and examining a variety of surface flaws, such as corrosion, contamination, surface finish, and surface discontinuities on joints (for example, welds, seals...
Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of the various inspection methods used with metals and alloys, namely visual inspection, coordinate measuring machines, machine vision, hardness testing, tensile testing, chemical analysis, metallography, and nondestructive testing. The nondestructive testing methods discussed are liquid penetrant inspection, magnetic particle inspection, eddy current inspection, radiographic inspection, and ultrasonic testing.
Image
Weibull plot of alumina three-point bend bars and biaxially loaded disks fr...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 October 2012
(constant stress-rate loading) data. Strength degradation in water is predicted for a dynamic load of 1 MPa/s. A mixed-mode fracture criterion was chosen to account for the change in surface flaw reliability for multiaxial stress states. Source: Ref 10.10
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Image
(a) Flaw shape parameter curves for surface and internal cracks. (b) Graphi...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 December 1995
Fig. 23-2 (a) Flaw shape parameter curves for surface and internal cracks. (b) Graphical solutions for an internal disc shape flaw, embedded in a large body (tension loading). (c) Graphical solution for an elliptical surface crack tension loading
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Book Chapter
Inspection and Evaluation of Weldments
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 July 1997
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.wip.t65930085
EISBN: 978-1-62708-359-1
... of enhancing the visibility of flaws. A strongly colored, or fluorescent, liquid is applied liberally to the test surface and left to infiltrate surface-breaking cavities and cracks. The surface contact time is typically about 15 min. The excess liquid is then wiped from the surface, using some solvent...
Abstract
Welded joints in any component or structure require a thorough inspection. The role of nondestructive evaluation (NDE) in the inspection of welds is very important, and the technology has become highly developed as a result. This article describes the applications, methods, evaluation procedures, performance, and limitations of NDE. It provides information on the training and certification of NDE operators, evaluation of test results, and guidance to method selection. Typical examples of various NDE methods for welds are also described.
Book Chapter
Tensile Testing of Ceramics and Ceramic-Matrix Composites
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.tt2.t51060163
EISBN: 978-1-62708-355-3
... materials) contain both surface and volume flaws. Surface flaws typically result from finishing operations and/or damage during service (for example, damage by foreign objects). Volume flaws typically are intrinsic to the material microstructure or are processing defects (voids, inclusions, etc...
Abstract
This chapter describes tensile testing of advanced ceramic materials, a category that includes both noncomposite, or monolithic, ceramics and ceramic-matrix composites (CMCs). The chapter presents four key considerations that must be considered when carrying out tensile tests on advanced monolithic ceramics and CMCs. These include effects of flaw type and location on tensile tests, separation of flaw populations, design strength and scale effects, and lifetime predictions and environmental effects. The chapter discusses the advantages, problems, and complications of four basic categories of tensile testing techniques as applied to ceramics and CMCs. These categories are true direct uniaxial tensile tests at ambient temperatures, indirect tensile tests, tests where failure is presumed to result from tensile stresses, and high-temperature tensile tests.
Book Chapter
Ultrasonic Inspection
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 April 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.imub.t53720267
EISBN: 978-1-62708-305-8
... Abstract Ultrasonic inspection is a nondestructive method in which beams of high frequency acoustic energy are introduced into a material to detect surface and subsurface flaws, to measure the thickness of the material, and to measure the distance to a flaw. This chapter begins with an overview...
Abstract
Ultrasonic inspection is a nondestructive method in which beams of high frequency acoustic energy are introduced into a material to detect surface and subsurface flaws, to measure the thickness of the material, and to measure the distance to a flaw. This chapter begins with an overview of ultrasonic flaw detectors, ultrasonic transducers, and search units and couplants. It then discusses the principles of operation, presentation, and interpretation of data of pulse echo and transmission methods. This is followed by sections providing information on general characteristics of ultrasonic waves and the factors influencing ultrasonic inspection. The advantages, disadvantages, and applications of ultrasonic inspection are finally compared with other methods of nondestructive inspection of metal parts.
Book Chapter
Inspection of Weldments and Brazed Assemblies
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 April 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.imub.t53720411
EISBN: 978-1-62708-305-8
.... Eddy current inspection, like ultrasonic inspection, can be used for detecting subsurface porosity. Normally, eddy current inspection is confined to use on thin wall welded pipe and tubing because eddy currents are relatively insensitive to flaws that do not extend to the surface or into the near...
Abstract
Weldments made by the various welding processes may contain discontinuities that are characteristic of that process. This chapter discusses the different welding processes as well as the discontinuities typical of each process. It provides a detailed discussion on the methods of nondestructive inspection of weldments including visual inspection, liquid penetrant inspection, magnetic particle inspection, radiographic inspection, ultrasonic inspection, leak testing, and eddy current and electric current perturbation inspection. The chapter also describes the properties of brazing filler metals and the types of flaws exhibited by brazed joints.
Book Chapter
Fatigue and Life Prediction
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 September 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.gmpm.t51250293
EISBN: 978-1-62708-345-4
... Abstract This chapter summarizes the various kinds of gear wear and failure and how gear life in service is estimated and discusses the kinds of flaws in material that may lead to premature gear fatigue failure. The topics covered are alignment, gear tooth, surface durability and breakage...
Abstract
This chapter summarizes the various kinds of gear wear and failure and how gear life in service is estimated and discusses the kinds of flaws in material that may lead to premature gear fatigue failure. The topics covered are alignment, gear tooth, surface durability and breakage of gear tooth, life determined by contact stress and bending stress, analysis of gear tooth failure by breakage after pitting, and metallurgical flaws that reduce the life of gears. The chapter briefly reviews some components in the design and structure of each gear and/or gear train that must be considered in conjunction with the teeth to enhance fatigue life.
Book Chapter
Mechanism of Fatigue
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 March 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.fdsm.t69870237
EISBN: 978-1-62708-344-7
... in creating dislocations, breaking up grains into subgrains, and causing microscopic imperfections to coalesce into larger flaws. It also discusses the factors that contribute to the development and propagation of fatigue cracks, including surface deterioration, volumetric and environmental effects, foreign...
Abstract
This chapter focuses on the processes and mechanisms involved in fatigue. It begins with a review of some of the early theories of fatigue and the tools subsequently used to obtain a better understanding of the fatigue process. It then explains how plasticity plays a major role in creating dislocations, breaking up grains into subgrains, and causing microscopic imperfections to coalesce into larger flaws. It also discusses the factors that contribute to the development and propagation of fatigue cracks, including surface deterioration, volumetric and environmental effects, foreign particles, and stresses generated by rolling contact.
Book Chapter
Weld Discontinuities and Imperfections
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 July 1997
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.wip.t65930057
EISBN: 978-1-62708-359-1
... welded pipe and tubing because eddy currents are relatively insensitive to flaws that do not extend to the surface or into the near-surface layer. Magnetic particle inspection and liquid penetrant inspection are not suitable for detecting subsurface gas porosity. These methods are restricted...
Abstract
Discontinuities are interruptions in the desirable physical structure of a weld. This article describes the types of weld discontinuities that are characteristic of the principal welding processes. Discontinuities covered are metallurgical discontinuities, discontinuities associated with specialized welding processes, and base metal discontinuities. In addition, information on the common inspection methods used to detect these discontinuities is provided.
Book Chapter
Testing and Inspection of Metals—The Quest for Quality
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 October 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mnm2.t53060149
EISBN: 978-1-62708-261-7
... used in conjunction with a microhardness test, a micrograph can be useful in relating microstructure to mechanical properties. Some History The critical factor in the light microscopy of metals is the surface preparation of the specimen. This is the basic insight made by the father...
Abstract
This chapter explains how metallography and hardness testing are used to evaluate the quality and condition of metal products. It also discusses the use of tensile testing, fracture toughness and impact testing, fatigue testing, and nondestructive test methods including ultrasonic, x-ray, and eddy current testing.
Book Chapter
Defects Leading to Failure
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2012
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ffub.t53610585
EISBN: 978-1-62708-303-4
... to the severity of a specific service condition that is anticipated for the application. Typical characteristics include strength, corrosion resistance, heat treatment condition, flaw size, surface finish, bend radius, void content (i.e., in castings), and degree of sensitization. Examples of service conditions...
Abstract
This appendix provides detailed information on design deficiencies, material and manufacturing defects, and service-life anomalies. It covers ingot-related defects, forging and sheet forming imperfections, casting defects, heat treating defects, and weld discontinuities. It shows how application life is affected by the severity of service conditions and discusses the consequences of using inappropriate materials.
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