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surface flatness
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Image
Published: 01 November 2007
Fig. 10.68 Surface appearance of one of the wastage flats with the maximum wastage of the 304H reheater tube shown in Fig. 10.67 . Courtesy of Welding Services Inc.
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Image
in The Metallurgical Microscope
> Metallographer’s Guide: Practices and Procedures for Irons and Steels
Published: 01 March 2002
Fig. 5.48 Micrograph showing interference fringes on a flat, polished specimen surface. Unetched. Taken with a green filter. 500×
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Image
in Metallographic Technique: Macrography
> Metallography of Steels: Interpretation of Structure and the Effects of Processing
Published: 01 August 2018
Fig. 4.22 Flat glass at 45° makes possible illumination normal to the surface of small samples (arrangement D in the text).
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Image
in Conventional Heat Treatment—Basic Concepts
> Metallography of Steels: Interpretation of Structure and the Effects of Processing
Published: 01 August 2018
Fig. 10.74 Surface of the flat end of a steel pick. The dark region was subjected to selective quenching. The quenching extension is not regular. This was probably caused by nonuniform heating of the region to be quenched. The Rockwell hardness impressions on the part confirm that the dark
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Image
Published: 01 March 2006
Fig. 5.5 Ball or roller bearing on flat surface showing general 3-D state of stress below the surface
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in Low Toughness and Embrittlement Phenomena in Steels
> Steels: Processing, Structure, and Performance
Published: 01 January 2015
Fig. 19.21 Flat cleavage facets and microvoids on fracture surface of 4340 steel containing 0.003% P and tempered at 350 °C (662 °F). Specimen was broken by impact loading at room temperature. Source: Ref 19.49
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Image
Published: 01 November 2019
Figure 41 Image at 110 °C at which the surface is flat. Increasing the temperature further will force the surface concave.
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Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ssde.t52310213
EISBN: 978-1-62708-286-0
... factors pertinent to important considerations in buildings, namely surface finish aesthetics, flatness, maintenance, repair, fabrication, and service considerations. It ends with a section providing information on concrete reinforcing bar. stainless steel construction corrosion resistance...
Abstract
This chapter deals with the technology of stainless steel as it pertains to its proper use in architecture, art, and construction. It begins with an overview of the corrosion resistance of stainless steel, providing guidelines for balancing corrosion resistance, processing characteristics, and economy. This is followed by sections describing the influence of surface finish on corrosion resistance of stainless steel and reviewing some of the factors pertinent to balancing service environment, design requirements, and maintenance considerations. The chapter then discusses the various factors pertinent to important considerations in buildings, namely surface finish aesthetics, flatness, maintenance, repair, fabrication, and service considerations. It ends with a section providing information on concrete reinforcing bar.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 October 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.faesmch.t51270067
EISBN: 978-1-62708-301-0
... Abstract A low-pressure turbine rotor blade failed in service, causing extensive engine damage. A section of the blade broke off around 25 mm from the root platform, producing a flat fracture surface that appeared smooth on one end and grainy elsewhere. Based on their examination, investigators...
Abstract
A low-pressure turbine rotor blade failed in service, causing extensive engine damage. A section of the blade broke off around 25 mm from the root platform, producing a flat fracture surface that appeared smooth on one end and grainy elsewhere. Based on their examination, investigators concluded that the nickel-base superalloy blade was exposed to high temperatures and stresses, initiating a crack that propagated under cyclic loading. This chapter provides a summary of the investigation and the insights acquired using scanning electron fractography, metallography, and hardness measurements.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 October 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.faesmch.t51270122
EISBN: 978-1-62708-301-0
... Procedure and Results Macroscopy and Scanning Electron Fractography A close-up view of the fracture surface of the shaft is shown in Fig. CH24.2 . The fracture was typical of torsional overload type. The surface was flat and shiny with deformation marks. The periphery of the fracture surface...
Abstract
The quill shaft in an aircraft engine was found in two pieces following a flameout. One piece was short, straight, and otherwise undamaged; the other piece was bent in several places as was the sleeve that covered it. The facture surface, as viewed under optical and scanning electron microscopes, was flat and shiny with deformation marks and dimples, typical of torsional overload, and signs of severe rubbing on the periphery. Based on their observations, investigators concluded that the quill shaft failed by torsional overload, the source of which could not be determined.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2023
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.stmflw.t59390173
EISBN: 978-1-62708-459-8
... for evaluating, applying, and treating lubricants for industrially important materials including iron-base, nickel-base, and aluminum alloys. cold rolling flat rolling friction hill hot rolling lubrication mechanisms pass geometry roll force roll wear rolling lubricants surface finish sticking...
Abstract
Rolling is unique in that it cannot be conducted without friction. Friction draws the workpiece into the roll gap and facilitates its passage through the deformation zone. This chapter provides an overview of the mechanics and tribology of flat rolling processes and explains how various aspects of the theory apply to shape rolling as well. It derives numerous equations and models to help quantify the forces, torque, and power involved in rolling operations and the associated heating, slip, strain distribution, and deformation in both the workpiece and rolls. It describes the friction and wear that occur in hot and cold rolling under hydrodynamic and mixed-film lubrication; the influence of viscosity, film thickness, rolling speed, interface pressure, pass reduction, and lubricant breakdown; and the effect of surface finish and defects. The chapter also provides best practices for evaluating, applying, and treating lubricants for industrially important materials including iron-base, nickel-base, and aluminum alloys.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mfadr7.t91110153
EISBN: 978-1-62708-247-1
... quality even for large magnifications it is therefore recommended to thin the die.” Flat Lap Assuming the surface is conducive to flat lapping, this is a quick method to remove bulk material and quickly establish a mirror polish surface. A large area platen is used with various lapping or polishing...
Abstract
The need for precise targeted interactive surgery on boards or modules is the main driver of backside preparation technology. This article assists the analyst in making decisions on backside thinning and polishing requirements. Thinning of the substrates can be accomplished by flat lapping, laser assisted chemical etch, plasma reactive ion etch, and CNC based milling and polishing. The article discusses the general characteristics, key principles, advantages, and disadvantages of these processes. It also contains case studies that illustrate the application of these processes to ceramic cavity devices, injection molded parts, and ball grid arrays.
Image
Published: 30 November 2013
Fig. 1 (a) Sketch of counterformal, or convex, surfaces in contact; examples are gear teeth and roller or needle bearings rolling on a shaft, in an inner raceway, or on a flat surface. (b) Sketch of conformal surfaces, where a convex surface is in contact with a concave surface; examples
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Image
Published: 01 November 2012
Fig. 15 (a) Sketch of counterformal, or convex, surfaces in contact; examples are gear teeth and roller or needle bearings rolling on a shaft, an inner raceway, or a flat surface. (b) Sketch of conformal surfaces, where a convex surface is in contact with a concave surface; examples are ball
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Image
in Deformation, Strengthening, and Fracture of Ferritic Microstructures
> Steels: Processing, Structure, and Performance
Published: 01 January 2015
Fig. 11.6 Ductile and brittle fracture surfaces. (a) Mixture of coarse and fine depressions or dimples characteristic of ductile fracture surfaces. Some flat cleavage facets are shown in bottom of micrograph. (b) Flat fracture surface facets characteristic of brittle cleavage fracture
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Image
in Deformation and Fracture Mechanisms and Static Strength of Metals
> Mechanics and Mechanisms of Fracture: An Introduction
Published: 01 August 2005
Fig. 2.21 Schematic of variation in fracture behavior and macroscale features of fracture surfaces for an inherently ductile material. As section thickness increases, plane-strain conditions develop first along the centerline and result in a flat fracture surface. With further increases
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Image
Published: 01 November 2012
Fig. 38 Schematic of variation in fracture toughness and macroscale features of fracture surfaces for an inherently ductile material. As section thickness ( B ) or preexisting crack length ( a ) increases, plane-strain conditions develop first along the centerline and result in a flat fracture
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Image
Published: 01 December 1999
Fig. 6.32 Effect of surface curvature on the total depth of carbon penetration (TPD). 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 TPD refer to the total carbon penetration depth at a flat surface. The curves themselves represent departures from the flat. If a gear tooth is carburized to give a nominal total penetration
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Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 March 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.secwr.t68350043
EISBN: 978-1-62708-315-7
... or kinetic coefficient of friction , μ k . A body of weight W on a flat surface will begin to move when the surface is tilted to a certain angle termed the friction angle , θ, as defined in Fig. 1 . The static friction coefficient is given by: (Eq 3) μ s = tan θ Fig. 1...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the basic principles of friction and the factors that must be considered when determining its effect on moving bodies in contact. It provides an extensive amount of friction data, including static and kinetic friction coefficients for numerous combinations of engineering materials and coatings. It also describes the causes and effects of the most common forms of wear, the conditions under which they occur, the role of lubrication, and wear testing methods.
Image
Published: 01 December 2009
of plane strain (brittlelike fracture) develop first along the centerline and result in a flat fracture surface. With further increases in section thickness or crack size, the flat region spreads to the outside of the specimen, decreasing the widths of the shear lips. When the minimum value of plane-strain
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