Fig. 37 Weibull plot of surface fatigue test results for both carburized and ground and carburized, ground, and superfinished gears. Source: Ref 4 More

Fig. 8.6 Railroad track spalling from rolling wear and surface fatigue More

Fig. 11.13 Surface fatigue cracks on Curiosity forged wheel. Courtesy of Scot Forge More

Fig. 4-16. Surface fatigue pitting initiated in a short concentrated area of a spiral bevel tooth, when that tooth was momentarily assuming full load with no help of overlap from adjacent teeth. More

Fig. 16.24 Fatigue failure surface from a piston rod. The fatigue crack initiated near a forging flake at the center and propagated slowly outward. The outer area is the region of final brittle fracture overload. Source: Ref 16.5 More

Fig. 9 Surface-origin pitting fatigue. (a) Typical surface deterioration due to pitting fatigue on gear teeth. In a standard gear system, the pitch line is near the center of the height of the teeth. Pitting fatigue usually starts slightly below the pitch line and then rapidly spreads More

Fig. 23 Surface-origin pitting fatigue. (a) Typical surface deterioration due to pitting fatigue on gear teeth; in a standard gear system, the pitch line is near the center of the height of the teeth. Pitting fatigue usually starts slightly below the pitch line, then rapidly spreads More

Fig. 14.18 Thermal-mechanical fatigue cracking on internal surface of a nickel-base superalloy forward liner of a gas turbine combustor. Note: One crack extends from a keyhole slot (right), while another can be seen in the area adjacent to an airhole (left). 1.5× More

Fig. 10 Surface of a bending-fatigue fracture in a tooth (upper tooth in this view) of a large spiral bevel pinion of AISI 8620 steel carburized and hardened to 60 HRC at the surface. The arrow marks the fatigue-crack origin, in the root fillet. The absence of this tooth resulted in fracture More

Fig. 27 Surface of a spalling-fatigue fracture in a single tooth of a heavily loaded final-drive pinion of AISI 8620 steel, carburized and hardened to 60 HRC in the case, showing vertical scratches, which indicate that appreciable abrasive wear took place also. The surface ripples at right More

Fig. 10 Intergranular bending fatigue crack initiation at the surface of a gas-carburized and direct-cooled SAE 8719 steel specimen. Source: Ref 20 More

Fig. 6.136 (a) SEM image with fatigue striations on the fracture surface of a stainless steel tube, 1000×. (b) Microstructure indicating transgranular cracks with blunt tip and filled with oxide, 400× More

Fig. 6.139 (a) SEM image of fracture surface indicating fatigue striations with oxidized nature of rupture surface, 1000×. (b) Microstructure of a tube with ferrite and bainite as the phases with typical thermal faigue crack having blunt tip, 100× More

Fig. 6.162 SEM micrograph giving crack surface view. Fatigue striations along with scattered corrosion deposits are shown. More

Fig. 12.4 Fatigue fracture surface appearance of a failed crankshaft, showing beach marks on the lower part. The origin of the primary fracture is indicated by the arrow. Source: Ref 1 More

Fig. 23 Surface of a torsional fatigue fracture that caused brittle fracture of the case of an induction-hardened axle of 1541 steel. The fatigue crack originated (arrow) at a fillet (with a radius smaller than specified) at a change in shaft diameter near a keyway runout. Case hardness More

Fig. 34 Surface of a fatigue fracture in a 1050 steel shaft, with hardness of approximately 35 HRC, that was subjected to rotating bending. Presence of numerous ratchet marks (small shiny areas at surface) indicates that fatigue cracks were initiated at many locations along a sharp snap ring More

Fig. 37 Surface of a torsional fatigue fracture in an induction-hardened 1041 (1541) steel shaft. The shaft fractured after 450 h of endurance testing. Original magnification: 1.25×. Source: Ref 18 More

Fig. 38 Schematic representation of fatigue fracture surface marks produced in smooth and notched cylindrical components under various loading conditions. Note that the final rupture zones (fast fracture zones) on the left half of the figure, which had a high nominal stress, are considerably More

Fig. 39 Schematic representation of fatigue fracture surface marks produced in components with square and rectangular cross sections and in thick plates under various loading conditions. Note that the final rupture zones (fast fracture zones) on the left half of the figure, which had a high More