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superlattice structures
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Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 March 2012
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.pdub.t53420171
EISBN: 978-1-62708-310-2
..., and goes on to identify the most common superlattice structures and their corresponding alloy phases. It also discusses the factors that limit the formation of superlattices along with the kinetics of spinodal decomposition and its effect on microstructure development. antiphase boundaries...
Abstract
This chapter explains how the presence of intermediate phases affects the melting behavior of binary alloys and the transformations that occur under different rates of cooling. It begins by examining the phase diagrams of magnesium-lead and copper-zinc, noting some of the complexities associated with intermediate phases. It then discusses the difference between ordered and disordered phases and how they are accounted for on phase diagrams. It describes how the atoms in a disordered solution may arrange themselves into an ordered array, forming a superlattice in the process of cooling, and goes on to identify the most common superlattice structures and their corresponding alloy phases. It also discusses the factors that limit the formation of superlattices along with the kinetics of spinodal decomposition and its effect on microstructure development.
Image
Published: 01 March 2006
Fig. A.34 Strengthening by superlattice formation. (a) CsCl structure: CuZn, AgZn, AgMg, FeAl, CoAl, NiAl. (b) Fe 3 Al structure: Fe 3 Al, Cu 3 Al, Ca 3 Sb, Fe 3 Si
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Image
Published: 01 March 2012
Fig. 9.6 Unit cells of (a) the disordered CuAu face-centered cubic solution at elevated temperatures and (b) the ordered CuAu I structure representing the L1 0 superlattice. Source: Ref 9.3
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Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.emea.t52240041
EISBN: 978-1-62708-251-8
... in the disordered solution to specific lattice sites in the ordered structure. When atoms periodically arrange themselves into a specific ordered array, they make up what is commonly referred to as a superlattice. Most alloys that form an ordered structure are disordered at higher temperature, which means...
Abstract
When a metal is alloyed with another metal, either substitutional or interstitial solid solutions are usually formed. This chapter discusses the general characteristics of these solutions and the effects of several alloying elements on the yield strength of pure metals. It presents four rules that give a qualitative estimate of the ability of two metals to form substitutional solid solutions: relative size factor, chemical affinity factor, relative valency factor, and lattice type factor. The chapter provides information on alloys that form an ordered structure during heating. It describes the intermediate phases that are formed during solidification between the two extremes of substitutional solid solution on the one hand and intermetallic compound on the other. The chapter concludes with a section on strain aging in low-carbon steels that allows the interstitial atoms to diffuse to the dislocations and again form atmospheres that pin dislocation movement.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 March 2012
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.pdub.t53420303
EISBN: 978-1-62708-310-2
.... Often a superlattice structure is present that is then converted to the martensite product. These alloys all belong to the second category, marking a weak first-order transformation with an intermediate stability of the martensite phase at temperatures above the M s temperature. Alloys used in shape...
Abstract
This chapter examines two important strengthening mechanisms, martensitic and bainitic transformations, both of which occur under nonequilibrium cooling conditions. It explains how time-temperature-transformation diagrams are constructed and how they are used to understand and control the formation of martensite and bainite in steel and other alloys. It describes the morphology of both types of structures, the factors that influence their formation, how they respond to tempering processes, and their effect on mechanical properties and behaviors. It also discusses the role of transformation hysteresis in shape memory alloys.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ssde.t52310001
EISBN: 978-1-62708-286-0
..., body-centered cubic. Alpha Prime Not to be confused with martensite, alpha prime is an ordered iron-chromium phase (i.e., iron and chromium atoms occupy specific, rather than random, sites on two intersecting superlattices). This structure is quite brittle. It forms at relatively low...
Abstract
Metallurgy, as discussed in this chapter, focuses on phases normally encountered in stainless steels and their characteristics. This chapter describes the thermodynamics and the three basic phases of stainless steels: ferrite, austenite, and martensite. Formation of the principal intermetallic phases is also covered. In addition, the chapter provides information on carbides, nitrides, precipitation hardening, and inclusions.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 March 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.stg2.t61280025
EISBN: 978-1-62708-267-9
... Abstract This chapter describes the metallurgy of superalloys and the extent to which it can be controlled. It discusses the alloying elements, crystal structures, and processing sequences associated with more than a dozen phases that largely determine the characteristics of superalloys...
Abstract
This chapter describes the metallurgy of superalloys and the extent to which it can be controlled. It discusses the alloying elements, crystal structures, and processing sequences associated with more than a dozen phases that largely determine the characteristics of superalloys, including their properties, behaviors, and microstructure. It examines the role of more than 20 alloying elements, including phosphorus (promotes carbide precipitation), boron (improves creep properties), lanthanum (increases hot corrosion resistance), and carbon and tungsten which serve as matrix stabilizers. It explains how precipitates provide strength by impeding deformation under load. It also discusses the factors that influence grain size, shape, and orientation and how they can be controlled to optimize mechanical and physical properties.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 March 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.fdsm.t69870375
EISBN: 978-1-62708-344-7
... conventionally Fig. A.34 Strengthening by superlattice formation. (a) CsCl structure: CuZn, AgZn, AgMg, FeAl, CoAl, NiAl. (b) Fe 3 Al structure: Fe 3 Al, Cu 3 Al, Ca 3 Sb, Fe 3 Si Fig. A.29 Effect of solute alloy additions on the tensile stress strain curve of metals. Source: Ref A.22...
Abstract
This appendix provides supplemental information on the metallurgical aspects of atomic structure, the use of dislocation theory, heat treatment processes and procedures, important engineering materials and strengthening mechanisms, and the nature of elastic, plastic, and creep strain components. It also provides information on mechanical property and fatigue testing, the use of hysteresis energy to analyze fatigue, a procedure for inverting equations to solve for dependent variables, and a method for dealing with the statistical nature of failure.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2010
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.sap.t53000025
EISBN: 978-1-62708-313-3
... superalloy phases is presented in Table 4.1 . As may be seen from the table, some phases in superalloys are beneficial and others degrade alloy properties ( Ref 1 ). Phases observed in superalloys Table 4.1 Phases observed in superalloys Phase Crystal structure Lattice parameter, nm Formula...
Abstract
The microstructure of superalloys is highly complex, with a large number of dispersed intermetallics and other phases that modify alloy behavior through their composition, morphology, and distribution. This chapter provides an overview of the most notable phases, including the matrix phase and geometrically and topologically close-packed phases, and describes how superalloy microstructure can be modified via heat treatments and directional solidification. It also discusses the role of carbides, borides, oxides, and nitrides and the detrimental effects of sulfocarbides.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 March 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mgppis.t60400245
EISBN: 978-1-62708-258-7
... peel. allotriomorph. A particle of a phase that has no regular external shape. allotriomorphic crystal. A crystal whose lattice structure is normal, but whose outward shape is imperfect, because it is determined to some extent by the surroundings; the grains in a metallic aggregate are allotriomorphic...
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 October 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mnm2.t53060315
EISBN: 978-1-62708-261-7
... hardenability requirements. Other alloying applications of manganese include specialty nonferrous alloys, such as manganese-copper and manganese-containing brasses, bronzes, and some nickel silvers. Pure manganese by itself is too brittle for structural applications. It oxidizes easily and rusts rapidly...
Abstract
Nonferrous metals are of commercial interest both as engineering materials and as alloying agents. This chapter addresses both roles, discussing the properties, processing characteristics, and applications of several categories of nonferrous metals, including light metals, corrosion-resistance alloys, superalloys, refractory metals, low-melting-point metals, reactive metals, precious metals, rare earth metals, and metalloids or semimetals. It also provides a brief summary on special-purpose materials, including uranium, vanadium, magnetic alloys, and thermocouple materials.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 March 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mgppis.9781627082587
EISBN: 978-1-62708-258-7
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 23 January 2020
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.stemsem.t56000020
EISBN: 978-1-62708-292-1
... imaging. In this mode, both low-Z and high-Z components are simultaneously visible, and the catalyst particles can be easily discerned from the amorphous car- bon. A closer view (Fig. 3e) reveals contrast variation suggestive of structural inhomogeneity within many particles. Perhaps the most apparent...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the setup and use of a transmission electron detector in a typical scanning electron microscope (SEM). It describes the arrangement and function of the primary components in the detector, following the signal path from the sample to a micromirror array where it is directed by the user to either a CMOS sensor (to record diffraction patterns) or a photomultiplier tube (to observe real-space images). The chapter discusses some of the nuances of digital imaging and diffraction and includes examples in which transmission electron detectors are used to analyze gold films, carbon nanotubes, zeolite sheets, and monolayer graphene. It also describes emerging techniques, including four-dimensional STEM, thermal diffuse scattering, energy filtering, aberration correction, and atomic resolution imaging.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 March 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.fdsm.9781627083447
EISBN: 978-1-62708-344-7
Book
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 23 January 2020
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.stemsem.9781627082921
EISBN: 978-1-62708-292-1
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ssde.9781627082860
EISBN: 978-1-62708-286-0
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 March 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.stg2.9781627082679
EISBN: 978-1-62708-267-9