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sulfidation
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Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2007
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.htcma.t52080201
EISBN: 978-1-62708-304-1
... Abstract Sulfur is one of the most common corrosive contaminants in high-temperature industrial environments and its presence can cause a number of problems, including sulfidation. This chapter describes the sulfidation behavior of a wide range of alloys as observed in three types of industrial...
Abstract
Sulfur is one of the most common corrosive contaminants in high-temperature industrial environments and its presence can cause a number of problems, including sulfidation. This chapter describes the sulfidation behavior of a wide range of alloys as observed in three types of industrial environments. One environment consists of sulfur vapor, hydrocarbon streams, H2S, and H2-H2S gas; sulfides are the only corrosion products that form under these conditions. Another environment consists of H2, CO, CO2, H2S, and other gases, causing the formation of oxides as well as sulfides in most alloys. The third environment, for which less data exists, contains either SO2 or O2-SO2 mixtures.
Image
Published: 01 November 2007
Fig. 7.1 Alloy 601 tube suffering localized sulfidation attack. The tube was in service at about 930 °C (1700 °F) in a natural gas-fired furnace making ceramic tiles. Sulfur was believed to come from the ceramic feedstock.
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Published: 01 November 2007
Fig. 7.2 Alloy 800H recuperator suffering severe sulfidation attack in a nonferrous metal scrap melting furnace. The 9.5 mm (0.4 in) thick recuperator was perforated in less than 2 years at metal temperatures of about 650 to 760 °C (1200 to 1400 °F). (a) General view of a corroded sample. (b
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Published: 01 November 2007
Fig. 7.41 Sulfidation resistance of alloy HR160 compared to those of alloys 556, 800H, and 600 after 215 h at 870 °C (1600 °F) in Ar-5H 2 -5CO-1CO 2 -0.15H 2 S ( p O 2 = 3×10 –19 atm, p S 2 = 0.9 × 10 –6 atm). Samples were cathodically descaled before being mounted for metallographic
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in Black Liquor Recovery Boilers in the Pulp and Paper Industry
> High-Temperature Corrosion and Materials Applications
Published: 01 November 2007
Fig. 13.16 Effect of chromium on sulfidation resistance of steels containing various amounts of chromium tested at 400 °C (750 °F) in N 2 -15H 2 O-10CO 2 -10H 2 -0.1O 2 -0.1H 2 S. Source: Ref 44
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Published: 01 November 2007
Fig. 14.17 Preferential sulfidation penetration (a precursor of the circumferential cracking) observed on a T-22 (2.25Cr-1Mo) wingwall tube of a supercritical boiler, showing ″channels″ (light color stringers) in the core of the penetration. Courtesy of Welding Services Inc.
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Published: 01 November 2007
Fig. 14.19 Preferential sulfidation penetration formed in waterwall steel tubes
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Published: 01 December 2015
Fig. 9 Example of high-temperature sulfidation attack in a type 310 heat-exchanger tube after ~100 h at 705 °C (1300 °F) in coal-gasifier product gas
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Published: 01 December 2015
Fig. 11 Sulfidation attack of alloy 800 test coupons exposed to a coal-gasifier environment ( p O 2 = 3 × 10 −20 atm and p S 2 = 1 × 10 −7 atm) at 870 °C (1600 °F) for 100 h. (a) and (b) Macrograph and micrograph, respectively, of a test coupon with a 0.254 mm (0.01 in.) diam grain
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in Stress-Corrosion Cracking of Carbon and Low-Alloy Steels (Yield Strengths Less Than 1241 MPa)[1]
> Stress-Corrosion Cracking: Materials Performance and Evaluation
Published: 01 January 2017
Fig. 2.3 Transgranular hydrogen sulfide SCC of a low-alloy steel. Original magnification: 100×. Source: Ref 2.21
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in Stress-Corrosion Cracking of Carbon and Low-Alloy Steels (Yield Strengths Less Than 1241 MPa)[1]
> Stress-Corrosion Cracking: Materials Performance and Evaluation
Published: 01 January 2017
Fig. 2.6 Effect of hydrogen sulfide concentration on SCC of various well casing steels. Note also the effect of yield strength. N: normalized; N & T: normalized and tempered; Q & T: quenched and tempered. Source: Ref 2.68
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in Stress-Corrosion Cracking of Carbon and Low-Alloy Steels (Yield Strengths Less Than 1241 MPa)[1]
> Stress-Corrosion Cracking: Materials Performance and Evaluation
Published: 01 January 2017
Fig. 2.7 Effect of temperature on the hydrogen sulfide SCC of various well casing steels. Note also the effect of yield strength. N: normalized, N & T: normalized and tempered; Q & T: quenched and tempered. Source: Ref 2.68
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in Stress-Corrosion Cracking of High-Strength Steels (Yield Strengths Greater Than 1240 MPa)[1]
> Stress-Corrosion Cracking: Materials Performance and Evaluation
Published: 01 January 2017
Fig. 3.35 Scanning electron micrograph of fracture area near large sulfide inclusions for AISI 4340 steel. Grain size, 90 μm
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Published: 01 March 2002
Fig. 13.9 Micrographs showing the formation of sulfide and nitride phases beneath the external oxide scales on nickel (top) and chromium (bottom) metals. Nickel exposed in flowing SO 2 for 8 h at 1000 °C (1832 °F). Chromium oxidized in air for 17 h at 1200 °C (2092 °F)
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Published: 01 December 1984
Figure 1-39 Sulfur print intensity is influenced by the composition of the sulfide inclusions. Both of the sulfur-printed discs shown contain 0.06% sulfur, but the print on the left is very light because most of the sulfides contain considerable chromium and are low in manganese content
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Published: 01 December 1984
Figure 3-47 Examples of selective techniques applied to sulfide-aluminate inclusions in a resulfurized aluminum-killed alloy steel. Top left, as-polished; top right, ZnSe applied to as-polished surface; bottom left, preetched with nital, then tint-etched with Beraha’s lead sulfide etch; bottom
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in Solidification, Segregation, and Nonmetallic Inclusions
> Metallography of Steels: Interpretation of Structure and the Effects of Processing
Published: 01 August 2018
Fig. 8.68 Micrograph of as-cast steel containing a network of iron sulfide. The low melting point of the sulfide makes it the last to solidify, forming the network (or continuous “films”) on the grain boundaries. The material is then brittle at high temperature (“hot shortness”) (see Fig
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in Solidification, Segregation, and Nonmetallic Inclusions
> Metallography of Steels: Interpretation of Structure and the Effects of Processing
Published: 01 August 2018
Fig. 8.69 Micrographs of as-cast steel containing iron sulfide network (a) and globular manganese sulfide (b). No etching. The amount and size of the nonmetallic inclusions shown in this and Fig. 8.68 are almost impossible to find in modern steels produced with current refining processes
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in Solidification, Segregation, and Nonmetallic Inclusions
> Metallography of Steels: Interpretation of Structure and the Effects of Processing
Published: 01 August 2018
Fig. 8.70 Micrograph of steel containing iron sulfide, hot worked. The presence of the sulfide in the grain boundaries has caused hot shortness (cracks are evident). No etching.
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in Solidification, Segregation, and Nonmetallic Inclusions
> Metallography of Steels: Interpretation of Structure and the Effects of Processing
Published: 01 August 2018
Fig. 8.76 (a) Sulfide nonmetallic inclusion in as-cast steel. SEM, BE. No etching (b) EDS spectrum of the inclusion. Quantitative analysis calculated from EDS results. Manganese sulfide.
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