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subcritical crack growth
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in Mechanical Behavior of Nonmetallic Materials
> Mechanics and Mechanisms of FractureAn Introduction
Published: 01 August 2005
Fig. 7.5 Environmental subcritical crack growth in glasses. (a) Crack velocity as a function of environment and pH for vitreous silica glass. Source: Ref 7.5 . (b) Soda-lime glass tested at different temperatures. Source: Ref 7.5 . (c) Crack velocity curves for sapphire in moist air (25 °C
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Published: 01 December 2015
Fig. 18 Effect of humidity on subcritical crack growth of high-strength aluminum alloys in hydrogen gas. Source: Ref 29
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Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mmfi.t69540297
EISBN: 978-1-62708-309-6
... on how they compare with metals. It begins by describing the fracture characteristics of ceramics and glasses along with typical properties and subcritical crack growth mechanisms. It then discusses the properties of engineering plastics and the factors affecting crack formation and growth, fracture...
Abstract
Structural and fracture mechanics-based tools for metals are believed to be applicable to nonmetals, as long as they are homogeneous and isotropic. This chapter discusses the essential aspects of the fatigue and fracture behaviors of nonmetallic materials with an emphasis on how they compare with metals. It begins by describing the fracture characteristics of ceramics and glasses along with typical properties and subcritical crack growth mechanisms. It then discusses the properties of engineering plastics and the factors affecting crack formation and growth, fracture toughness, fatigue life, and stress rupture failures.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2012
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ffub.t53610327
EISBN: 978-1-62708-303-4
...Abstract Abstract This chapter covers the fatigue and fracture behaviors of ceramics and polymers. It discusses the benefits of transformation toughening, the use of ceramic-matrix composites, fracture mechanisms, and the relationship between fatigue and subcritical crack growth. In regard...
Abstract
This chapter covers the fatigue and fracture behaviors of ceramics and polymers. It discusses the benefits of transformation toughening, the use of ceramic-matrix composites, fracture mechanisms, and the relationship between fatigue and subcritical crack growth. In regard to polymers, it covers general characteristics, viscoelastic properties, and static strength. It also discusses fatigue life, impact strength, fracture toughness, and stress-rupture behaviors as well as environmental effects such as plasticization, solvation, swelling, stress cracking, degradation, and surface embrittlement.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.aacppa.t51140069
EISBN: 978-1-62708-335-5
...; typical physical properties; typical and minimum (design) mechanical properties; fatigue strength; fracture resistance, including subcritical crack growth; and resistance to general corrosion and to stress-corrosion cracking. The chapter concludes with information on the properties of cast aluminum matrix...
Abstract
This chapter reviews and provides data tables for the wide range of properties and performance characteristics that are possible with specific aluminum casting alloys and tempers. Properties and performance attributes addressed include casting and finishing characteristics; typical physical properties; typical and minimum (design) mechanical properties; fatigue strength; fracture resistance, including subcritical crack growth; and resistance to general corrosion and to stress-corrosion cracking. The chapter concludes with information on the properties of cast aluminum matrix composites.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1989
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.dmlahtc.t60490329
EISBN: 978-1-62708-340-9
..., and the factors that determine shell integrity. The discussion addresses key properties and design parameters including allowable stress, fracture toughness, the effect of microstructure and composition on embrittlement, high-temperature creep, and subcritical crack growth. The chapter also provides information...
Abstract
This chapter covers the failure modes and mechanisms of concern in hydroprocessing reactor vessels and the methods used to assess lifetime and performance. It begins with a review of the materials used in the construction of pressure-vessel shells, the challenges they face, and the factors that determine shell integrity. The discussion addresses key properties and design parameters including allowable stress, fracture toughness, the effect of microstructure and composition on embrittlement, high-temperature creep, and subcritical crack growth. The chapter also provides information on the factors that affect cladding integrity and ends with a section on life-assessment techniques.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2017
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.sccmpe2.t55090341
EISBN: 978-1-62708-266-2
...-corrosion or subcritical crack growth behavior leads to what is known as “static fatigue,” in which parts fail after periods of time under a constant load. Although cycling the load can introduce other phenomena, the processes with which this chapter is concerned are not affected. Environmentally...
Abstract
Glasses and ceramics are susceptible to stress-corrosion cracking (SCC), as are metals, but the underlying mechanisms differ in many ways. One of the major differences stems from the lack of active dislocation motion that, in metals, serves to arrest cracks by reducing stress concentrations at flaw tips. As a result, even relatively small flaws (20 to 50 μm in radius) can cause glasses and ceramics to fail. This chapter examines the propensity of flaws to grow in glass and ceramic materials exposed to different environments, especially water, at stresses well below those that would produce immediate failure. It describes crack growth mechanisms, explains how to measure crack growth rates and predict time to failure, and provides crack growth data for a number of materials and environments.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cpi2.t55030126
EISBN: 978-1-62708-282-2
...). A decrease in pH from 9 to 6 at potential of –0.2 V, which shifts iron from a region of stability to one of active corrosion, is indicated by the solid bar. For materials in which SCC occurs by a hydrogen-induced subcritical crack growth mechanism, the thermodynamic requirement for crack growth...
Abstract
This chapter focuses on stress-corrosion cracking (SCC) of metals and their alloys. It is intended to familiarize the reader with the phenomenological and mechanistic aspects of stress corrosion. The phenomenological description of crack initiation and propagation describes well-established experimental evidence and observations of stress corrosion, while the discussions on mechanisms describe the physical process involved in crack initiation and propagation. Several parameters that are known to influence the rate of crack growth in aqueous solutions are presented, along with important fracture features.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2017
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.sccmpe2.t55090001
EISBN: 978-1-62708-266-2
... a region of stability to one of active corrosion, is indicated by the solid bar. For materials in which SCC occurs by a hydrogen-induced subcritical crack growth mechanism, the thermodynamic requirement for crack growth is governed by the hydrogen reduction line shown by dashed line a in Fig...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the conditions and sequence of events that lead to stress-corrosion cracking (SCC) and the mechanisms by which it progresses. It explains that the stresses involved in SCC are relatively small and, in most cases, work in combination with the development of a surface film. It describes bulk and surface reactions that contribute to SCC, including dissolution, mass transport, absorption, diffusion, and embrittlement, and their role in crack nucleation and growth. It also discusses crack tip chemistry, grain-boundary interactions, and the effect of stress-intensity on crack propagation rates, and describes several mechanical fracture models, including corrosion tunnel, film-induced cleavage, and tarnish rupture models.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cpi2.t55030148
EISBN: 978-1-62708-282-2
... changes, and blistering becomes the more common feature of failure. The threshold stress intensities for high-strength steels subjected to hydrogen environments are significantly less than those thresholds measured under benign conditions. These lower thresholds lead to subcritical crack growth when...
Abstract
Hydrogen damage is a form of environmentally assisted failure that results most often from the combined action of hydrogen and residual or applied tensile stress. This chapter classifies the various forms of hydrogen damage, summarizes the various theories that seek to explain hydrogen damage, and reviews hydrogen degradation in specific ferrous and nonferrous alloys. The preeminent theories for hydrogen damage are based on pressure, surface adsorption, decohesion, enhanced plastic flow, hydrogen attack, and hydride formation. The specific alloys covered are iron-base, nickel, aluminum, copper, titanium, zirconium, vanadium, niobium, and tantalum alloys.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2017
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.sccmpe2.t55090067
EISBN: 978-1-62708-266-2
... severe for initiation in uncracked members. 3.3 Stress-Corrosion Cracking Characteristics of Different High-Strength Steels Hydrogen can induce a reduction in the fracture toughness ( K Ic ) as well as produce subcritical crack growth at values of K below K Ic . These effects are illustrated...
Abstract
High-strength steels are susceptible to stress-corrosion cracking (SCC) even in moist air. This chapter identifies such steels and the applications where they are typically found. It provides information on crack growth kinetics and crack propagation models in which hydrogen embrittlement is the predominant mechanism. It explains how different application variables affect SCC, including loading mode, state of stress, type of steel, temperature, electrochemical potential, heat treatment, and deformation processes. It also compares SCC characteristics in different high-strength steels and discusses the influence of composition, steelmaking practice, and application environment.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2017
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.sccmpe2.t55090317
EISBN: 978-1-62708-266-2
... determination of not only the threshold stress intensity but also the kinetics of crack growth at higher stress intensities, which in turn enables calculation (at least in principle) of the lifetimes of engineering components containing growing subcritical cracks. In practice, more conservative design...
Abstract
Uranium alloys are used in applications requiring dense metals, but they have little resistance to oxidation and corrosion and are susceptible to environmentally assisted cracking, particularly when processed to high strength levels. This chapter describes the conditions under which uranium alloys are most prone to cracking. It discusses testing and characterization methods, cracking phenomenology, material properties, and microstructure. It also provides suggestions for avoiding and overcoming environmentally assisted cracking problems.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2007
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.htcma.t52080437
EISBN: 978-1-62708-304-1
... Hydrogen attack occurs more often in subcritical drum boilers that use a recirculating steam-generating system. Adequate control of water chemistry is critical to avoid internal deposition and corrosion of boiler tubes. The water chemistry is typically controlled by (a) water purification to remove...
Abstract
Carbon and low-alloy steels in high-temperature service are vulnerable to the effects of hydrogen attack, which include severe loss in tensile and rupture strengths as well as ductility. As the chapter explains, when steel is in contact with hydrogen molecules at elevated temperatures, hydrogen atoms can be absorbed at the surface and then diffuse into the metal. Hydrogen atoms in the metal then react with iron carbide forming methane gas which can accumulate at grain boundaries and other interfaces. The chapter describes two applications, one in coal-fired boilers, the other in petroleum refining, where hydrogen attack was observed. It documents the extent of the damage in each case and identifies the source of the hydrogen.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 December 2020
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.phtbp.t59310127
EISBN: 978-1-62708-326-3
... process of recovery, recrystallization, and grain growth. This is followed by discussions on annealing processes, namely subcritical annealing, critical-range annealing, full annealing, isothermal annealing, annealing for microstructure, and solution or quench annealing. Next, the chapter describes two...
Abstract
This chapter describes the general characteristics of major types of steel annealing, including the process of normalization, which is a process that refines or normalizes the microstructure of steel. The first part of the chapter begins with an overview of the three-stage process of recovery, recrystallization, and grain growth. This is followed by discussions on annealing processes, namely subcritical annealing, critical-range annealing, full annealing, isothermal annealing, annealing for microstructure, and solution or quench annealing. Next, the chapter describes two undesirable reactions that occur during annealing: decarburization and scaling. Information on the gases and gas mixtures used for controlled atmospheres is then provided. The second part of the chapter focuses on the processes involved in normalizing, along with information on furnace equipment for normalizing. In addition, the chapter includes information on processes involved in induction heating of steel.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mmfi.t69540215
EISBN: 978-1-62708-309-6
...Abstract Abstract This chapter presents a fracture-mechanics-based approach to damage tolerance, accounting for mechanical, metallurgical, and environmental factors that drive crack development and growth. It begins with a review of stress-intensity factors corresponding to a wide range...
Abstract
This chapter presents a fracture-mechanics-based approach to damage tolerance, accounting for mechanical, metallurgical, and environmental factors that drive crack development and growth. It begins with a review of stress-intensity factors corresponding to a wide range of crack geometries, specimen configurations, and loading conditions. The discussion covers two- and three-dimensional cracks as well as the use of correction factors and problem-simplification techniques for dealing with nonstandard configurations. The chapter goes on to describe how fatigue loading affects crack growth rates in each of the three stages of progression. Using images, diagrams, and data plots, it reveals how cracks advance in step with successive stress cycles and explains how fatigue crack growth rates can be determined by examining striations on fracture specimens and correlating their widths with stress profiles. It also describes how material-related factors, load history, corrosion, and temperature affect crack growth rates, and discusses the steps involved in life assessment.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cfap.t69780238
EISBN: 978-1-62708-281-5
... behavior of advanced engineering plastics capable of sustaining a substantial subcritical crack growth prior to fracture. Fracture mechanics is also used in safety-critical applications where defect-tolerant life estimates are essential. Characterizing crack growth behavior in polymers can be complicated...
Abstract
This article reviews fatigue test methodologies, provides an overview of general fatigue behavior (crack initiation and propagation) in engineering plastics, and discusses some of the factors affecting the fatigue performance of polymers. In addition, it provides information on fractography that provides useful insight into the nature of fracture processes.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 November 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.uhcf3.t53630257
EISBN: 978-1-62708-270-9
... of pressure vessels and other engineering structures in which subcritical flaw growth or time-dependent fractures, such as those stemming from stress-corrosion cracking or fatigue, are important. An adequate fracture mechanics analysis of a structure subjected to cyclic loading, a hostile environment, or both...
Abstract
Fracture mechanics is a well-developed quantitative approach to the study of failures. This chapter discusses fracture toughness and fracture mechanics, linear-elastic fracture mechanics, and modes of loading. The discussion also covers plane strain and stress and crack growth kinetics. The chapter presents a case history that illustrates the use of fracture mechanics in failure analysis. An appendix provides a more detailed discussion of fracture mechanics concepts.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2012
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ffub.t53610001
EISBN: 978-1-62708-303-4
... are derived from the theory of elasticity and/or obtained experimentally. Stress-concentration curves are available for different design geometries. These curves are useful when investigating a design and doing a life assessment. Stress intensity is the controlling factor in subcritical crack growth...
Abstract
This chapter provides a brief review of industry’s battle with fatigue and fracture and what has been learned about the underlying failure mechanisms and their effect on product lifetime and service. It recounts some of the tragic events that led to the discovery of fatigue and brittle fracture and explains how they reshaped design philosophies, procedures, and tools. It also discusses the influence of material and manufacturing defects, operating conditions, stress concentration and intensity, temperature and pressure, and cyclic loading, all of which play a role in the onset of fatigue cracking and thus should be considered when predicting useful product life.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2017
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.sccmpe2.t55090271
EISBN: 978-1-62708-266-2
... (but not stage I) subcritical cracking behavior. This is the situation in most common aqueous environments, including seawater and brines, where alloy composition and metallurgical condition dictate the susceptibility of a titanium alloy to SCC. Titanium alloys may also be exposed to a few unique...
Abstract
Titanium alloys are generally resistant to stress-corrosion cracking (SCC), but under certain conditions, the potential for problems exists. This chapter identifies the types of service environments where titanium alloys have exhibited signs of SCC. It begins by describing the nominal composition, designation, and grade of nearly two dozen commercial titanium alloys and the different types of media (including oxidizers, organic compounds, hot salt, and liquid metal) in which SCC has been observed. It discusses the mechanical and metallurgical factors that influence SCC behavior and examines the cracking and fracture mechanisms that appear to be involved. The chapter also includes information on SCC test standards and provides detailed guidelines on how to prevent or mitigate the effects of SCC.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2017
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.sccmpe2.t55090191
EISBN: 978-1-62708-266-2
..., the international consensus is that the three with the greatest impact on crack growth rates are the formation of material defects, radiation-induced segregation, and chemical reactions that increase the corrosion potential of water. The chapter discusses each of these in great detail, and includes information...
Abstract
Irradiation-assisted stress-corrosion cracking (IASCC) has been a topic of engineering interest since it was first reported in the 1960s, having been observed in stainless steel cladding on light water reactor fuel elements. This chapter summarizes the results of decades of investigation, showing that IASCC can essentially be defined as the intergranular cracking of austenitic alloys in high-temperature water, where both the material and its environment have been altered by radiation. Of the many interactions that can occur when metals and water are exposed to radiation, the international consensus is that the three with the greatest impact on crack growth rates are the formation of material defects, radiation-induced segregation, and chemical reactions that increase the corrosion potential of water. The chapter discusses each of these in great detail, and includes information on predictive modeling as well.