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Fig. 7.87 Finite element study (Left); (Source: Schloemanna) and sketch (right) of a combination dummy and cleaning block for tube extrusion. The size and shape of the shell chamber produce stress concentrations that must be limited. In this example, the maximum equivalent stress at the root More

Fig. 10.14 Study of growth of austempered ductile iron. BHN, Brinell hardness number. Source: Ref 2 More

FIG. 5.4 Albert Portevin, the French metals researcher who published the first study on the modern theory of the hardening of steel. More

FIG. 5.5 Edgar C. Bain was the first to study the crystal structure of steel by x-ray diffraction. More

FIG. 8.10 Zay Jeffries was the first metallurgist to use the microscope to study problems in aluminum castings. More

Fig. 4-2. Photoelastic study of two mating pinion teeth receiving full load. Note the high concentration of compressive stress at the point of contact, the tensile stress at the root radius, and the zero-stress point at the tooth center-line below the root circle. More

Fig. 4-3. Photoelastic study of mating teeth indicates the shift of the zero-stress point during crack propagation until final fracture reaches the opposite root radius. At the same time, deflection of the tooth allowed the adjacent tooth to pick up the load. More

Fig. 5-19. Photoelastic study of the effect of a roughing cutter mark on tooth bending strength. The rounded fillets were loaded to an equivalent of 6.5 stress fringes. The cutter mark (0.022-in. deep) measured 6.0 stress fringes at its radius. A stress concentration equivalent to 92 More

Figure 11.21: Simplified forging processes used in the study of forging lubricants. More

Fig. 2.31 The study of a coach presented at IAA 1987 with bolted, supporting lattice frame construction in extruded aluminum sections. Source: Alusuisse More

Fig. 3.6 Split billet for visio-plastic study of material flow More

Fig. 2 Photoelastic study of mating teeth indicates the shift of the zero-stress point during crack propagation until final fracture reaches the opposite root radius. At the same time, deflection of the tooth allowed the adjacent tooth to pick up the load More

Fig. 10.2 Bubble raft apparatus for study of “crystal” subjected to reverse shear. Source: Ref 10.6 More

Fig. 16.25 Results of benchmark study by channel forming test with DP600. PVD, physical vapor deposition. Source: Ref 16.8 More

Fig. 18.2 Trade study example. SPF/DB, super plastic forming/diffusion bonding More

Fig. 4.5 Geometry of the new part (part B) used in the finite-element analysis study (blank thickness: 2.15 mm, or 0.085 in.). Source: Ref 4.6 More

Fig. 4.19 Clutch hub investigated in this study, illustrating the coining of the inside corners by two steps (A and C; B and D) More

Fig. 8.23 Results of research study in sheet hydroforming with punch. (a) Pot pressure curve and optimum blank holder force (BHF) curve predicted using numerical optimization techniques coupled with finite-element modeling. (b) Wrinkles in the round cup were eliminated by using optimum BHF. More

Fig. 3.17 Correlation between friction and wear in a large adhesive wear study More

Fig. 1.7 Schematic of the types of tests used to study sliding in bicrystals. Source: Ref 1.2 More