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in Design and Selection of Plastics Processing Methods
> Characterization and Failure Analysis of Plastics
Published: 01 December 2003
Image
Published: 01 November 2010
Book
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cfap.9781627082815
EISBN: 978-1-62708-281-5
Book Chapter
Abbreviations and Symbols
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cfap.t69780433
EISBN: 978-1-62708-281-5
...-butadiene-styrene styrene-ethylene-butylene-styrene size-exclusion chromatography scanning electron microscopy short- ber-reinforced polymer secondary ion mass spectroscopy styrene-maleic anhydride sheet molding compound sheet molding compound Society of Plastics Engineers structural reaction injection...
Abstract
This article is a compilation of abbreviations and symbols related to characterization and failure analysis of plastics.
Book Chapter
Discontinuous-Fiber Composites
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2010
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.scm.t52870285
EISBN: 978-1-62708-314-0
... 75 70 Density, g/cm 3 1.21 1.21 1.80 LFT—long fiber thermoplastic; GMT—glass mat thermoplastic; SMC—sheet molding compound. Source: Ref 7 10.6 Structural Reaction Injection Molding Reaction injection molding (RIM), shown in Fig. 10.17 , is a process for rapid fabrication...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the effect of fiber length and orientation on the strength and stiffness of discontinuous-fiber composites. It also describes several fabrication processes, including spray-up, compression molding, reaction injection molding, and injection molding.
Book Chapter
Design and Selection of Plastics Processing Methods
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cfap.t69780064
EISBN: 978-1-62708-281-5
..., these design guidelines are still being developed. Some other disadvantages of composite processing include high product cost, high equipment cost (and limited availability), and low production rates. Composite production processes include casting, reaction injection molding (RIM), structural reaction...
Abstract
This article describes key processing methods and related design, manufacturing, and application considerations for plastic parts and includes a discussion on materials and process selection methodology for plastics. The discussion covers the primary plastic processing methods and how each process influences part design and the properties of the plastic part. It also includes a brief description of functional requirements in process selection; an overview of various process effects and how they affect the functions and properties of the part; and the selection of processes for size, shape, and design detail factors.
Image
Reaction injection molding, reinforced reaction injection molding, and stru...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 October 2012
Fig. 8.36 Reaction injection molding, reinforced reaction injection molding, and structural reinforced injection molding processes. Source: Ref 8.1
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Book Chapter
Engineering Plastics
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 October 2012
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.lmub.t53550325
EISBN: 978-1-62708-307-2
... Abstract This chapter describes the molecular structures and chemical reactions associated with the production of thermoset and thermoplastic components. It compares and contrasts the mechanical properties of engineering plastics with those of metals, and explains how fillers and reinforcements...
Abstract
This chapter describes the molecular structures and chemical reactions associated with the production of thermoset and thermoplastic components. It compares and contrasts the mechanical properties of engineering plastics with those of metals, and explains how fillers and reinforcements affect impact and tensile strength, shrinkage, thermal expansion, and thermal conductivity. It examines the relationship between tensile modulus and temperature, provides thermal property data for selected plastics, and discusses the effect of chemical exposure, operating temperature, and residual stress. The chapter also includes a section on the uses of thermoplastic and thermosetting resins and provides information on fabrication processes and fastening and joining methods.
Book Chapter
Thermoset Composite Fabrication Processes
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2010
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.scm.t52870119
EISBN: 978-1-62708-314-0
... to form the part. Preforms can be manufactured by textile processes such as weaving, knitting, stitching, and braiding. Although structural reaction injection molding is used to make continuous-fiber parts, this process is more frequently used to make discontinuous-fiber parts and is therefore covered...
Abstract
This chapter familiarizes readers with the many and varied thermoset composite fabrication processes and the types of applications for which they were developed. It describes wet lay-up, prepreg lay-up, and low-temperature vacuum bag curing prepreg processes, which are best suited for low-volume, medium-sized and larger parts. It also discusses filament winding and preforming processes (including weaving, knitting, stitching, and braiding) in addition to resin-transfer molding, resin film infusion, and pultrusion.
Book Chapter
Binder Constituents
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 April 2020
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.bpapp.t59290035
EISBN: 978-1-62708-319-5
... injection molding, where the feedstock is often recycled. Thermosetting reactions are generally slow, and therefore, the time needed to form a component is long compared with that attained with a thermoplastic binder. In addition, the catalyst needed to induce the cross-linking reaction requires intense...
Abstract
Generally, binders consist of at least three ingredients: a backbone to provide strength (compounds such as polyethylene, polypropylene, ethylene vinyl acetate, and polystyrene); a filler, such as polyacetal and paraffin wax, to occupy space between particles; and additives, such as stearates, stearic acid, or magnesium stearate, as well as phosphates and sulfonates, to adjust viscosity, lubricate tooling, disperse particles, or induce binder wetting of the powder. In the case of binders deposited via ink jet printing, the binder contains solvents to lower the viscosity for easier jetting. The chapter provides a detailed description of these constituents. The requirements of a binder as well as the factors determining the physical and thermal properties of polymers are discussed. Then, two factors associated with solvation of polymers, namely solubility parameter and wetting, are covered. The chapter ends with information on the specification of polymers used in binders.
Book Chapter
Polymer-Matrix Composites
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 October 2012
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.lmub.t53550385
EISBN: 978-1-62708-307-2
... Abstract Polymer-matrix composites are among the lightest structural materials in use today. They are also highly resistant to corrosion and fatigue and their load-carrying capabilities, such as strength and stiffness, can be tailored for specific applications. This chapter discusses...
Abstract
Polymer-matrix composites are among the lightest structural materials in use today. They are also highly resistant to corrosion and fatigue and their load-carrying capabilities, such as strength and stiffness, can be tailored for specific applications. This chapter discusses the primary advantages and disadvantages of polymer-matrix composites, how they are produced, and how they perform in different applications. It describes the construction of laminates, the fibers and resins used, and the methods by which they are combined. It explains how strength, modulus, toughness, and high-temperature and corrosion behaviors are determined by the orientation, shape, and spacing of fibers, the number of plies, resin properties, and consolidation and forming methods. The chapter also covers secondary fabrication processes, such as thermoforming, machining, and joining, as well as production equipment and product forms, and include guidelines for optimizing tradeoffs when selecting fibers, resins, and production techniques.
Book Chapter
Melting, Casting, and Hot Processing
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ssde.t52310155
EISBN: 978-1-62708-286-0
...-shaped vessel. The injection and the reaction cause extremely thorough mixing, which would never happen in the flat, stagnant, arc furnace bath. This mixing not only allows the CO-producing reaction to reach equilibrium, but also the mixing of the slag and metal also permits desulfurization...
Abstract
This article discusses the steps in the primary processing of stainless steels: melting, refining, remelting, casting, and hot rolling. It provides information of the major categories of defects in hot rolled stainless steels, namely hot mill defects, inclusion-related defects, and hot ductility-related defects.
Book Chapter
Structural Ceramics
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 October 2012
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.lmub.t53550511
EISBN: 978-1-62708-307-2
.... This chapter describes the applications, properties, and behaviors of some of the more widely used structural ceramics, including alumina, aluminum titanate, silicon carbide, silicon nitride, zirconia, zirconia-toughened alumina (ZTA), magnesia-partially stabilized zirconia (Mg-PSZ), and yttria-tetragonal...
Abstract
Ceramics normally have high melting temperatures, excellent chemical stability and, due to the absence of conduction electrons, tend to be good electrical and thermal insulators. They are also inherently hard and brittle, and when loaded in tension, have almost no tolerance for flaws. This chapter describes the applications, properties, and behaviors of some of the more widely used structural ceramics, including alumina, aluminum titanate, silicon carbide, silicon nitride, zirconia, zirconia-toughened alumina (ZTA), magnesia-partially stabilized zirconia (Mg-PSZ), and yttria-tetragonal zirconia polycrystalline (Y-TZP). It also provides information on materials selection, design optimization, and joining methods, and covers every step of the ceramic production process.
Book Chapter
Glossary
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 April 2020
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.bpapp.t59290261
EISBN: 978-1-62708-319-5
... solution to form a highly interlinked structure with most of the binder water trapped in cells formed by the long-range molecule. gel casting. A variant of low-pressure injection molding where the binder consists of a monomer that polymerizes in the die cavity, forming a rigid polymer to hold the particles...
Abstract
This chapter includes a comprehensive set of definitions used in powder-binder processing.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 April 2020
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.bpapp.9781627083195
EISBN: 978-1-62708-319-5
Book Chapter
Casting
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mfub.t53740047
EISBN: 978-1-62708-308-9
... travel to go into solution) and the amount of segregation. Because segregation causes the casting composition to vary locally, chemical etching can reveal the cast structure. When metal is poured into a mold, the liquid has a velocity from the pouring operation. In addition, as the metal cools...
Abstract
This chapter covers the practices and procedures used for shape casting metals and alloys. It begins with a review of the factors that influence solidification and contribute to the formation of casting defects. It then describes basic melting methods, including induction, cupola, crucible, and vacuum melting, and common casting techniques such as sand casting, plaster and shell casting, evaporative pattern casting, investment casting, permanent mold casting, cold and hot chamber die casting, squeeze casting, semisolid metal processing, and centrifugal casting.
Book Chapter
Composite Mechanical Properties
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2010
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.scm.t52870373
EISBN: 978-1-62708-314-0
... and stiffness more comparable to those of SMC parts can be produced by placing preforms containing continuous glass fibers in the mold before injection. The material is then referred to as structural reaction injection molding (SRIM). Typical reinforced reaction injection molding (RRIM) properties Table...
Abstract
This chapter examines the static, fatigue, and damage tolerance properties of glass, aramid, and carbon fiber systems. It also explains how delaminations, voids, porosity, fiber distortion, and fastener hole defects affect impact resistance and strength.
Book Chapter
Design and Certification Considerations
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2010
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.scm.t52870489
EISBN: 978-1-62708-314-0
.... Structural reaction injection molding (SRIM) is similar to the previous two processes except that a continuous glass preform is placed in the die prior to injection. Again, this process is used almost exclusively with polyurethanes. Owing to the highly reactive resins and short cycle times, SRIM cannot...
Abstract
This chapter discusses design and certification considerations, including materials and process selection, the building block approach to certification, design allowables, and design guidelines. It also includes information on damage tolerance and environmental sensitivity.
Book Chapter
Opportunities for Powder-Binder Forming Technologies
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 April 2020
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.bpapp.t59290251
EISBN: 978-1-62708-319-5
...: Understanding the Monolith Structure from a Rheological Approach , Mater. Des. , Vol 157 , 2018 , p 119 – 129 10.1016/j.matdes.2018.07.017 • Oh J.W. , Seong Y. , and Park S.J. , Effect of Nanoparticles in Bimodal Powder on Physical and Mechanical Properties of Powder Injection Molded...
Abstract
This chapter is intended to identify materials, processes, and designs that will lead to great advances in powder-binder forming technologies. It discusses some of the structures obtained through these advances in powder-binder technologies such as binder jetting and extrusion-based additive manufacturing, including bound-metal deposition and fused-filament fabrication: oxidation-resistant high-temperature alloys, anisotropic structures, submicrometer-scale structures, surface hard materials, and artist metallic clays. Some of the advances discussed include the developments in process involving plastics, emulsions, ceramics, and porous structures and foams. Improvements in the design processes have led to the development of functional structures, controlled porosity, and bioinspired structures.
Book Chapter
Overview of Iron and Steel Manufacturing
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2022
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.isceg.t59320003
EISBN: 978-1-62708-332-4
..., facilitating phosphorus removal. Desulfurization is preferably done during tapping in the ladle. The manganese level is reduced by its reaction with FeO. The CO that evolved due to the carbon–oxygen (by carbon injection) interaction helps to provide nearly 30 to 40% of the heat required. It also reduces...
Abstract
This chapter provides a brief overview of iron and steel manufacturing and the major equipment involved in the process as well as identifying where casting fits into the overall process. In addition, it provides an overview of cast iron manufacturing, including the processes involved in converting pig iron into cast iron and steel.
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