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structural clay products
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Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ems.t53730081
EISBN: 978-1-62708-283-9
... Abstract This chapter discusses the composition, properties, and uses of crystalline ceramics, glasses, clay, and concrete mixes. It also discusses the carbon structure of diamond, graphite, fullerenes, and nanotubes. amorphous carbon clay concrete mixes crystalline ceramics diamond...
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2022
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.isceg.t59320323
EISBN: 978-1-62708-332-4
... prescribe annual testing of approximately five components to ensure that the process is consistent and in control. Structural steel castings for railroad and highway transportation are also fatigue tested during the launch stage for product evaluation and to confirm the impact of any design changes...
Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of key elements in controlling the casting process, systems to confirm the quality of outgoing components, and the steps needed to launch a novel product. The discussion also provides information on process control tools and techniques; incoming material control; process control of sand preparation and system maintenance; metallic charge materials; product quality control; and melting, metallurgical, and mechanical testing.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 April 2020
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.bpapp.t59290251
EISBN: 978-1-62708-319-5
... additive manufacturing, including bound-metal deposition and fused-filament fabrication: oxidation-resistant high-temperature alloys, anisotropic structures, submicrometer-scale structures, surface hard materials, and artist metallic clays. Some of the advances discussed include the developments in process...
Abstract
This chapter is intended to identify materials, processes, and designs that will lead to great advances in powder-binder forming technologies. It discusses some of the structures obtained through these advances in powder-binder technologies such as binder jetting and extrusion-based additive manufacturing, including bound-metal deposition and fused-filament fabrication: oxidation-resistant high-temperature alloys, anisotropic structures, submicrometer-scale structures, surface hard materials, and artist metallic clays. Some of the advances discussed include the developments in process involving plastics, emulsions, ceramics, and porous structures and foams. Improvements in the design processes have led to the development of functional structures, controlled porosity, and bioinspired structures.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ems.t53730121
EISBN: 978-1-62708-283-9
... Abstract This chapter examines the properties, structure, and applications of wood and wood products, including plywood, paper, and cardboard. It discusses the dimensional changes that occur due to moisture content and compares several types of wood based on radial and tangential shrinkage...
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1995
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.sch6.t68200437
EISBN: 978-1-62708-354-6
... Finishing). Atmosphere, Neutral . . . Furnace atmosphere which is neither oxidizing nor reducing can be made up of an inert gas, e.g., argon, or the products of combustion. Atmosphere, Oxidizing . . . Furnace atmosphere which gives off oxygen under certain conditions, or where there is an excess of oxygen...
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 April 2020
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.bpapp.t59290001
EISBN: 978-1-62708-319-5
... of residual pores. Then, fired ceramics became valuable because they could store and transport water, wine, and beer. By the time Marco Polo traveled to Asia, the production of watertight porcelain was a valued technology. Many of these same ideas are evident today in how artists use clay formulations...
Abstract
This chapter provides an introduction to powder processing of binders and polymers. It sets the context for the remainder of the book by providing an overview of the topics discussed in the subsequent chapters and by providing introduction to powder-binder fabrication and customization of feedstock and describing the challenges in component production. The chapter also summarizes alphabetically a few key concepts in powder-binder processing.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mfub.t53740047
EISBN: 978-1-62708-308-9
... and sophisticated solidification simulation software, and castings today are highly reliable, cost-effective components that are used in more than 90% of manufactured products. Typical uses of castings include hardware, water distribution systems (pipes, pumps, and valves), automotive components (engine blocks...
Abstract
This chapter covers the practices and procedures used for shape casting metals and alloys. It begins with a review of the factors that influence solidification and contribute to the formation of casting defects. It then describes basic melting methods, including induction, cupola, crucible, and vacuum melting, and common casting techniques such as sand casting, plaster and shell casting, evaporative pattern casting, investment casting, permanent mold casting, cold and hot chamber die casting, squeeze casting, semisolid metal processing, and centrifugal casting.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 September 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cfw.t52860065
EISBN: 978-1-62708-338-6
... heating means, depending on the resin requirements. After cure, the wound product and mandrel are separated. An alternate part fabrication method is to use uncured filament-wound fabric as a sheet molding material. The material is removed from the mandrel, placed in a mold, and cured. Comprehensive...
Abstract
This chapter addresses the hardware requirements for filament winding, from elementary processing equipment to more advanced systems. The chapter describes the equipment, defines how it is best used, and presents real-life examples. It describes a helical horizontal filament winding machine system and a vertical winding machine. The chapter provides information on in-plane (polar) winders and several types of creels, namely stationary and no twist, rotating, braking, and combinations thereof. Comprehensive descriptions of mandrel designs used in filament winding are presented in text and illustration. The chapter also reviews process control of filament winding parameters, including for some specialized winding processes and unique component types.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 November 2023
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ceeg.t59370021
EISBN: 978-1-62708-447-5
... of the molding sand preparation (sand combined with clay and other additives), the effectiveness of the mulling or mixing of ingredients, the compactibility of the mix for mold packing, and the aeration of the sand mix for formability are all critical factors that contribute to casting quality. This chapter...
Abstract
This chapter focuses on the elements and functions of sand conditioning equipment which are critical to achieving good quality castings. The sand conditioning equipment include sand muller; core sand mixers; sand conveyors and bucket elevators; sand aerators; mold conveyors; shakeout units; magnetic separators; lump breakers and core crushers; screens; sand coolers; sand reclamation systems; and sand hoppers.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.aacppa.t51140021
EISBN: 978-1-62708-335-5
... automated. Production rates of automated multimold operations are high, and parts display consistent dimensional characteristics and properties. While the principles and mechanics of gravity casting are similar, the metallurgical structure of permanent mold castings reflects the refinement of higher...
Abstract
This chapter begins with information on the historical development of aluminum alloy castings. It then covers the basic factors involved in the selection of a casting process. This is followed by sections describing the various categories of casting processes and their variants: expendable mold gravity-feed casting, nonexpendable (permanent) mold gravity feed casting, and pressure die casting. Next, the chapter describes the technologies used to produce premium engineered castings and when such castings may be relevant. The chapter concludes with descriptions of other process technologies used with castings, including metallurgical bonding, metal-matrix composites, and hot isostatic pressing.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 October 2012
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.lmub.t53550001
EISBN: 978-1-62708-307-2
..., the production of plastics in the United States exceeded that of steel. By 2000, the plastics industry was the fourth largest manufacturing segment in the United States, following only transportation, electronics, and the chemical industries. Structural Ceramics Ceramics are one of mankind’s most ancient...
Abstract
Engineers have many materials to choose from when dealing with weight-related design constraints. The list includes aluminum, beryllium, magnesium, and titanium alloys as well as engineering plastics, structural ceramics, and polymer-, metal-, and ceramic-matrix composites. This chapter provides a brief overview of these lightweight materials, discussing their primary advantages along with their properties, behaviors, and limitations.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ems.t53730001
EISBN: 978-1-62708-283-9
... and the relative levels of force they produce. It describes the difference between crystalline and noncrystalline or amorphous materials and discusses common crystal structures, including face-centered cubic, body-centered cubic, hexagonal close packed, and diamond cubic. It also describes the structure of sodium...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the foundational principles of materials science. It begins with a review of the periodic table and the fundamental particles, including atoms, ions, and molecules, that constitute matter. It also reviews the types of bonds that form between atoms and the relative levels of force they produce. It describes the difference between crystalline and noncrystalline or amorphous materials and discusses common crystal structures, including face-centered cubic, body-centered cubic, hexagonal close packed, and diamond cubic. It also describes the structure of sodium chloride and includes a list of structurally similar compounds.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 December 2024
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.hisppa.t56110005
EISBN: 978-1-62708-483-3
... to a fundamental understanding. Generating temperatures of more than 1000 °C (1830 °F) was necessary, and achieving such high temperatures in charcoal fires was surmised from the production of pottery dating back to the late Neolithic period. Recent findings have indicated the beginnings of copper metal processing...
Abstract
This chapter presents a brief review of the history of brazing and soldering. It illustrates complicated soldering techniques and masterful goldsmith work, as demonstrated by the famous gold mask of the Egyptian Pharaoh Tutankhamun. The chapter includes the image of a painting from Egypt circa 1475 B.C. that shows a goldsmith soldering with a blowpipe. Numerous similar images have been found in the tombs of ancient Egypt that offer insight into the practices of gold workers from the period, including the use of processes such as smelting, forging, and joining with both brazing and soldering.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2022
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.isceg.t59320003
EISBN: 978-1-62708-332-4
... is plugged again using a clay plug. Charging is continued until the production needs are met. Occasionally, the depleted coke bed needs to be built up by replenishing with some charges of coke. At the end of the shift or when all the production needs are met, the bottom prop that supports the bed coke...
Abstract
This chapter provides a brief overview of iron and steel manufacturing and the major equipment involved in the process as well as identifying where casting fits into the overall process. In addition, it provides an overview of cast iron manufacturing, including the processes involved in converting pig iron into cast iron and steel.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 June 2023
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.atia.t59340019
EISBN: 978-1-62708-427-7
... Abstract This chapter describes the process steps in the production of smelter grade aluminum, the environmental issues with aluminum production, and the importance of recycling. It also provides a discussion on the refining, or Bayer, process and the smelting, or Hall-Héroult, process...
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cfap.t69780336
EISBN: 978-1-62708-281-5
... of microbial cell mass, CO 2 production, O 2 consumption, material weight loss, and changes in structural characteristics may be used interchangeably to assess degradation. Frequently, in situations other than pure culture, most of these techniques are technically difficult and may yield inconclusive...
Abstract
This article provides a review of the biodegradation mechanisms of plastics, presents the definitions, and describes the means of measurement of biodegradation and biodeterioration. Various experimental examples of microbial degradation, namely fungal attack in cellophane and amylose films, starch-based polyethylene films, films with modified starch additives, poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-valerate)-biodegradable plastic, and biodisintegration and biodegradation studies of plastic-starch blends, are also presented.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 April 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.tpsfwea.t59300271
EISBN: 978-1-62708-323-2
... things (even liquids), but they are porous and would absorb what is put in them. Air-dried bricks are similar to earthenware—they must be soaked in water before laying; if not, the brick will suck the moisture out of the mortar and not seat. Clay products can fit into the definition of ceramics...
Abstract
This chapter concerns itself with the tribology of ceramics, cermets, and cemented carbides. It begins by describing the composition and friction and wear behaviors of aluminum oxide, silicon carbide, silicon nitride, and zirconia. It then compares and contrasts the microstructure, properties, and relative merits of cermets with those of cemented carbides.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 May 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.hma.t59250025
EISBN: 978-1-62708-287-7
..., he obtained a mill that rolled structural beams, which became the next product of importance in the coming age of technology. Only later would Carnegie have any regrets over buying a mill that was riddled with labor problems. This new acquisition was called the Homestead Works. The steadily...
Abstract
This chapter focuses on the evolution of steel production from 1870 to 1900. It begins with a review of the life of the inventor of the air-boiling process, William Kelly. This is followed by a discussion on how Bessemer's air-blowing process entered the steel production industry and the development of the Kelly-Bessemer process by Alexander Holley. The chapter then discusses how Andrew Carnegie lowered the cost to produce steel, how he entered the iron and steelmaking industry, and how Captain Billy Jones joined Carnegie to expand Carnegie steel. The chapter further provides information on the great strike of 1892 at Homestead and the rapid growth in steel markets. It ends with a discussion about the factors that led Carnegie to sell his steel empire.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cub.t66910193
EISBN: 978-1-62708-250-1
... bacteria. The resulting corrosion product, Fe(OH) 3 , mingles with the biodeposit to form the wall of the growing tubercle. When bacteria are present, the tubercle structure is usually less brittle and less easily removed from the metal surface than when bacteria are absent. The outside of the tubercle...
Abstract
Corrosive environments can be broadly classified as atmospheric, underground/soil, water, acidic, alkaline, and combinations of these. Complicating matters is the fact that there are important variables, for example, pH, temperature, and the presence of biological organisms, that can significantly alter the response of the material in a given environment. This chapter provides a detailed account of all these types of corrosion affecting various industries, pointing out the connection between the characteristics of the corrosive environment that control corrosion behavior, the corrosion characteristics of various metals and materials systems, and the subsequent corrosion response.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 November 2023
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ceeg.t59370001
EISBN: 978-1-62708-447-5
... for the manufacturing process and to assure product quality; automation for product consistency, in addition to addressing hazardous activities; and engineering for recyclability and regeneration. These vital elements all demand a structured approach, careful analysis, and professional project management to ensure...
Abstract
Planning and laying out casting facilities involve a number of vital factors, such as available infrastructure, selection of suitable sites, orientation of operations and process flow, markets and products, operating parameters, and targeted hourly output and annual capacity. This chapter presents guiding principles and layout concepts with these factors in mind. It also presents steps for the creation of a plant layout. Plant layout involves the arrangement of processing areas, machinery, and equipment for the efficient conversion of raw materials into finished products. The chapter discusses general guidelines for developing a layout.
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