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stress-induced cracking
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Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cpi2.t55030292
EISBN: 978-1-62708-282-2
..., sulfide stress cracking, hydrogen-induced cracking, stress-oriented hydrogen-induced cracking, hydrogen embrittlement cracking, stress-corrosion cracking, velocity-accelerated corrosion, erosion-corrosion, and corrosion control is provided. petroleum refineries petrochemical plants materials...
Abstract
This chapter presents the primary considerations and mechanisms for corrosion and how they are involved in the selection of materials for process equipment in petroleum refineries and petrochemical plants. In addition, specific information on mechanical properties, corrosion, sulfide stress cracking, hydrogen-induced cracking, stress-oriented hydrogen-induced cracking, hydrogen embrittlement cracking, stress-corrosion cracking, velocity-accelerated corrosion, erosion-corrosion, and corrosion control is provided.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2017
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.sccmpe2.t55090001
EISBN: 978-1-62708-266-2
...-intensity on crack propagation rates, and describes several mechanical fracture models, including corrosion tunnel, film-induced cleavage, and tarnish rupture models. crack initiation crack propagation stress-corrosion cracking STRESS-CORROSION CRACKING (SCC) is a term used to describe service...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the conditions and sequence of events that lead to stress-corrosion cracking (SCC) and the mechanisms by which it progresses. It explains that the stresses involved in SCC are relatively small and, in most cases, work in combination with the development of a surface film. It describes bulk and surface reactions that contribute to SCC, including dissolution, mass transport, absorption, diffusion, and embrittlement, and their role in crack nucleation and growth. It also discusses crack tip chemistry, grain-boundary interactions, and the effect of stress-intensity on crack propagation rates, and describes several mechanical fracture models, including corrosion tunnel, film-induced cleavage, and tarnish rupture models.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2017
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.sccmpe2.t55090241
EISBN: 978-1-62708-266-2
..., and environment determine whether or not stress-corrosion cracking develops in a susceptible alloy. It also provides stress-corrosion ratings for many alloys, tempers, and product forms and includes information on hydrogen-induced cracking. aluminum alloys crack susceptibility hydrogen-induced cracking...
Abstract
Aluminum is protected by a barrier oxide film that, if damaged, reforms immediately in most environments. Despite this inherent corrosion resistance, there are conditions where aluminum alloys, like many materials, are subject to the effects of stress-corrosion cracking (SCC). This chapter describes those conditions, focusing initially on the effects of alloying elements and temper on solution potential and how it compares to other metals. It then addresses the issue of intergranular corrosion and its role in SCC. It explains how factors such as stress loads, grain structure, and environment determine whether or not stress-corrosion cracking develops in a susceptible alloy. It also provides stress-corrosion ratings for many alloys, tempers, and product forms and includes information on hydrogen-induced cracking.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2017
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.sccmpe2.t55090303
EISBN: 978-1-62708-266-2
..., and strain rate affect the SCC behavior of zirconium and its alloys. It describes environments known to induce SCC, including aqueous solutions, organic liquids, hot and fused salts, and liquid metals. It also discusses cracking mechanisms and SCC prevention and control techniques. stress-corrosion...
Abstract
Although zirconium resists stress-corrosion cracking (SCC) where many alloys fail, it is susceptible in Fe3+- and Cu2+-containing solutions, concentrated HNO3, halogen vapors, mercury, cesium, and CH3OH + halides. This chapter explains how composition, texture, stress levels, and strain rate affect the SCC behavior of zirconium and its alloys. It describes environments known to induce SCC, including aqueous solutions, organic liquids, hot and fused salts, and liquid metals. It also discusses cracking mechanisms and SCC prevention and control techniques.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2017
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.sccmpe2.t55090191
EISBN: 978-1-62708-266-2
... on predictive modeling as well. corrosion potential Irradiation-assisted stress-corrosion cracking predictive model radiation damage radiation-induced segregation stainless steel IRRADIATION-ASSISTED STRESS-CORROSION CRACKING (IASCC) describes premature cracking of material/environment systems...
Abstract
Irradiation-assisted stress-corrosion cracking (IASCC) has been a topic of engineering interest since it was first reported in the 1960s, having been observed in stainless steel cladding on light water reactor fuel elements. This chapter summarizes the results of decades of investigation, showing that IASCC can essentially be defined as the intergranular cracking of austenitic alloys in high-temperature water, where both the material and its environment have been altered by radiation. Of the many interactions that can occur when metals and water are exposed to radiation, the international consensus is that the three with the greatest impact on crack growth rates are the formation of material defects, radiation-induced segregation, and chemical reactions that increase the corrosion potential of water. The chapter discusses each of these in great detail, and includes information on predictive modeling as well.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cub.t66910099
EISBN: 978-1-62708-250-1
..., and poultice corrosion; galvanic corrosion; erosion-corrosion, including cavitation erosion and fretting corrosion; intergranular corrosion, including sensitization and exfoliation; dealloying; environmentally assisted cracking, including stress-corrosion cracking, corrosion fatigue, and hydrogen damage...
Abstract
Corrosion problems can be divided into eight categories based on the appearance of the corrosion damage or the mechanism of attack: uniform or general corrosion; pitting corrosion; crevice corrosion, including corrosion under tubercles or deposits, filiform corrosion, and poultice corrosion; galvanic corrosion; erosion-corrosion, including cavitation erosion and fretting corrosion; intergranular corrosion, including sensitization and exfoliation; dealloying; environmentally assisted cracking, including stress-corrosion cracking, corrosion fatigue, and hydrogen damage (including hydrogen embrittlement, hydrogen-induced blistering, high-temperature hydrogen attack, and hydride formation). All these forms are addressed in this chapter in the context of aqueous corrosion. For each form, a general description is provided along with information on the causes and the list of metals that can be affected, with particular emphasis on the recognition and prevention measures.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.fibtca.t52430204
EISBN: 978-1-62708-253-2
... environments, including general corrosion, under-deposit corrosion, microbially induced corrosion, flow-accelerated corrosion, stress-assisted corrosion, erosion-corrosion, cavitation, oxygen pitting, stress-corrosion cracking, and caustic embrittlement. The discussion is supported by several illustrations...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the effects of corrosion on boiler tube surfaces exposed to water and steam. It describes the process of corrosion, the formation of scale, and the oxides of iron from which it forms. It addresses the primary types of corrosion found in boiler environments, including general corrosion, under-deposit corrosion, microbially induced corrosion, flow-accelerated corrosion, stress-assisted corrosion, erosion-corrosion, cavitation, oxygen pitting, stress-corrosion cracking, and caustic embrittlement. The discussion is supported by several illustrations and relevant case studies.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ssde.t52310027
EISBN: 978-1-62708-286-0
... adjacent regions of chromium. GB, grain boundary Fig. 7 Isocorrosion rates of various stainless steels in sulfuric acid. Source: Ref 9 Fig. 30 Zones of susceptibility to stress corrosion cracking Fig. 8 Influence of alloying element on corrosion rate in contaminated sulfuric...
Abstract
This chapter explores the behavior of stainless steel in media that promote corrosion. The forms of corrosion covered are uniform corrosion, atmospheric corrosion, localized corrosion, pitting corrosion, crevice corrosion, and grain boundary corrosion. The chapter discusses the influence of material and environmental variables on stress-corrosion cracking (SCC) and the mechanisms proposed for SCC in stainless steel, comparing the mechanism of SCC with hydrogen embrittlement. In addition, it provides information on biocorrosion and microbiologically induced corrosion in ambient aqueous environments.
Book Chapter
Book: Corrosion of Weldments
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cw.t51820115
EISBN: 978-1-62708-339-3
... in martensitic stainless steels and describes sulfide stress corrosion resistance of type 410 weldments. hydrogen-induced cracking martensitic stainless steel sulfide stress corrosion resistance weld corrosion welding weldments MARTENSITIC STAINLESS STEELS are essentially Fe-Cr-C alloys...
Abstract
Martensitic stainless steels are essentially iron-chromium-carbon alloys that possess a body-centered tetragonal crystal structure (martensitic) in the hardened condition. Martensitic stainless steels are similar to plain carbon or low-alloy steels that are austenitized, hardened by quenching, and then tempered for increased ductility and toughness. This chapter provides a basic understanding of grade designations, properties, corrosion resistance, and general welding considerations of martensitic stainless steels. It also discusses the causes for hydrogen-induced cracking in martensitic stainless steels and describes sulfide stress corrosion resistance of type 410 weldments.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2007
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.htcma.t52080379
EISBN: 978-1-62708-304-1
... discussed in this chapter is stress-induced cracking. This is a brittle fracture with cracks propagating along grain boundaries. This is often referred to as “stress-relaxation cracking,” “reheat cracking,” or “strain-age cracking” in the literature. Typically, a highly constrained component...
Abstract
This chapter discusses two damage mechanisms in which stress plays a major role. In the one case, stress causes cracks in the oxide scale on metals, leading to preferential corrosion attack. An example from industry of this type of failure is the circumferential cracking that occurs on the waterwall tubes of supercritical coal-fired boilers fired under low NOx combustion conditions, conducive to the production of sulfidizing environments. In the other case, stress contributes to brittle fracture in the form of intergranular cracking. The phenomenon, which is known by various names, typically occurs at the lower end of the intermediate temperature range and has been observed in ferritic steels, stainless steels, Fe-Ni-Cr alloys, and nickel-base alloys, as described in the chapter.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.htgpge.t67320033
EISBN: 978-1-62708-347-8
... at HPSTC or LPSTC. There are two current theories that prevail to explain formation of cracks on any of these axes. The most widely held theory for well-lubricated gears is based on shear stress induced cracks below the surface due to contact load. The second one is based on cracks initiated at the surface...
Abstract
The primary objective of carburizing and hardening gears is to secure a hard case and a relatively soft but tough core. For this process, low-carbon steels (up to a maximum of approximately 0.30% carbon), either with or without alloying elements (nickel, chromium, manganese, molybdenum), normally are used. The processes involved in hardening, tempering, recarburizing, and cold treatment of carburized and quenched gears are discussed. Next, the chapter reviews the selection of materials for carburized gears and considerations related to carbon content, core hardness, and microstructure. This is followed by sections discussing some problems that can be experienced in the carburizing process and how these can be addressed, including a section on shot peening to induce compressive residual stress at and below the surface. It then discusses the applications of carburized gears and finally presents a case history of distortion control of carburized and hardened gears.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cpi2.t55030126
EISBN: 978-1-62708-282-2
... with important fracture features. stress-corrosion cracking crack initiation crack propagation crack growth rate STRESS-CORROSION CRACKING (SCC) describes service failures in engineering materials that occur by slow environmentally induced crack propagation. The observed crack propagation...
Abstract
This chapter focuses on stress-corrosion cracking (SCC) of metals and their alloys. It is intended to familiarize the reader with the phenomenological and mechanistic aspects of stress corrosion. The phenomenological description of crack initiation and propagation describes well-established experimental evidence and observations of stress corrosion, while the discussions on mechanisms describe the physical process involved in crack initiation and propagation. Several parameters that are known to influence the rate of crack growth in aqueous solutions are presented, along with important fracture features.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cfap.t69780323
EISBN: 978-1-62708-281-5
... the mobile polymer chains to crystallize ( Ref 50 ). A stress-cracking environment should be an effective swelling agent to induce crystallization ( Ref 49 ). As a result of chain ordering, the formation of crystallites introduces high shearing stresses that are sufficient to propagate crazes or cracks...
Abstract
The susceptibility of plastics to environmental failure, when exposed to organic chemicals, limits their use in many applications. Environmental factors can be classified into two categories: chemical and physical effects. This article discusses the effects of these environmental factors on the mechanical properties of plastics.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cpi2.t55030003
EISBN: 978-1-62708-282-2
... external interactions can influence the corrosion rate. Examples are fretting, cavitation, and impingement corrosion, and corrosion fatigue. Environmentally Induced Cracking Environmentally induced cracking is a form of corrosion in which the external influence on the corrosion process is stress...
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 September 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.gmpm.t51250163
EISBN: 978-1-62708-345-4
... to a difference in the rate of cooling of thick and thin sections. The transformation of thicker sections will take place when the thin sections are at a lower temperature. The expansion in the thick sections on transformation will set up very high stress concentrations, which may cause warpage or cracking...
Abstract
Gas (atmosphere) carburizing is the de facto standard by which all other surface hardening techniques are measured and is the emphasis of this chapter. Initially, the chapter describes the process and equipment for gas carburizing. This is followed by sections discussing the processes involved in quenching, hardening, tempering, recarburizing, and cold treatment of carburized and quenched gears. Next, the chapter reviews the selection process of materials for carburized gears and provides information on carbon content, properties, and core hardness of gear teeth. The problems associated with carburizing are then covered, followed by the processes involved in heat treat distortion and shot peening of carburized and hardened gears. Information on grinding stock allowance on tooth flanks to compensate for distortion is also provided. The chapter further discusses the applications of carburized and hardened gears. Finally, it reviews vacuum carburizing and compares the attributes of conventional gas carburizing and vacuum carburizing.
Book Chapter
Book: Systems Failure Analysis
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2009
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.sfa.t52780109
EISBN: 978-1-62708-268-6
... include inadequate or inappropriate coatings, the presence of strong electrolytes, and discontinuities in the coating. Stress-corrosion cracking can be induced by a combination of corrosion and tensile stresses. (Tensile stresses are frequently present in metallic components.) If a fracture occurs...
Abstract
This chapter focuses on common failure characteristics exhibited by mechanical and electrical components. The topic is considered from two perspectives: one possibility is that the system failed because parts were nonconforming to drawing requirements and another possibility is that the system failed even though all parts in the system met their drawing requirements. The common failures discussed in this chapter include those associated with metallic components, composite materials, plastic components, ceramic components, and electrical and electronic components.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 July 2009
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.fdmht.t52060231
EISBN: 978-1-62708-343-0
..., it was necessary to examine the source of the cyclic stresses and strains responsible for the observed cracks in the notch roots (root radius of 0.75 mm, or 0.030 in., but occasionally as small as 0.38 mm, or 0.015 in.) around the pilot rib. The active mechanical loading- and residual machining-induced residual...
Abstract
This chapter explains how the authors assessed the potential risks of creep-fatigue in several aerospace applications using the tools and techniques presented in earlier chapters. It begins by identifying the fatigue regimes encountered in the main engines of the Space Shuttle. It then describes the types of damage observed in engine components and the methods used to mitigate problems. It also discusses the results of analyses that led to changes in design or approach and examines fatigue-related issues in turbine engines used in commercial aircraft.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 September 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.fahtsc.t51130001
EISBN: 978-1-62708-284-6
... heating. The heating rate must be limited and uniform to avoid cracking or warpage and to control thermal stresses in the range of 250–600 °C (480–1110 °F). The carbon equivalent controls the propensity for steel to crack. The holding time is dependent on geometrical factors related...
Abstract
A systematic procedure for minimizing risks involved in heat treated steel components requires a combination of metallurgical failure analysis and fitness for service with respect to safety and reliability based on risk analysis. This chapter begins with an overview of heat treat processing of steels. This is followed by sections on various aspects of heat treatment design and heat treating practices for minimizing distortion. Influence of design, steel grade, and condition is then illustrated in the examples of failures due to heat treatment. A procedure is analyzed to improve the performance of the design process of a component. A heat-transfer model, coupling with a phase transformation model, a thermomechanical model, and a thermochemical model, is also considered. The chapter further provides information on the failure aspects of and heat treatment procedures applied to welded components. It ends with a section on risk-based approach applicable to heat treated steel components.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1999
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cmp.t66770199
EISBN: 978-1-62708-337-9
... stress distribution is also increased ( Fig. 8.5 ). Excessive down feeds and cross feeds can cause burning and cracking. Shot peening is a surface treatment that increases skin hardness and induces compressive stresses into the immediate surface of the workpiece. It can also remove directional...
Abstract
Mechanical treatments such as grinding and shot peening are often employed in the production of case-carburized parts. Grinding, besides restoring precision, removes carbide films, internal oxidation, and high-temperature transformation products. Shot peening strengthens component surfaces and induces a stress state that increases fatigue resistance. This chapter describes both processes as well as roller burnishing. It explains how these treatments are applied and how they influence the microstructure, properties, and behaviors of case-hardened components. It also addresses process challenges, particularly in regard to grinding.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2017
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.sccmpe2.t55090419
EISBN: 978-1-62708-266-2
..., 1985 , p 108 , 1985 18.2 Marr J. , Ginzel R. , and Pennie J. , “ Hand Held Ultrasonic Sizing of Stress Corrosion Cracking ,” 3rd Middle East Nondestructive Testing Conference , Nov 2005 , Bahrain 18.3 Ochiai M. , Laser-Induced Surface Acoustic Wave Technique...
Abstract
This chapter describes nondestructive evaluation (NDE) test methods and their relative effectiveness for diagnosing the cause of stress-corrosion cracking (SCC) service failures. It discusses procedures for analyzing various types of damage in carbon and low-alloy steels, high-strength low-alloy steels, hardenable stainless steels, austenitic stainless steels, copper-base alloys, titanium and titanium alloys, aluminum and aluminum alloys, and nickel and nickel alloys. It identifies material-environment combinations where SCC is known to occur, provides guidelines on how to characterize cracking and fracture damage, and explains what to look for during macroscopic and microscopic examinations as well as chemical and metallographic analyses. It also includes nearly a dozen case studies investigating SCC failures in various materials.