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stress-assisted corrosion
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Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2007
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.htcma.t52080379
EISBN: 978-1-62708-304-1
...., circumferential cracking of the waterwall) is covered in Chapter 10 “Coal-Fired Boilers.” In that chapter, the correlation between the circumferential cracking and the stress-assisted preferential corrosion penetration is discussed. The current chapter discusses the phenomenon of the preferential high...
Abstract
This chapter discusses two damage mechanisms in which stress plays a major role. In the one case, stress causes cracks in the oxide scale on metals, leading to preferential corrosion attack. An example from industry of this type of failure is the circumferential cracking that occurs on the waterwall tubes of supercritical coal-fired boilers fired under low NOx combustion conditions, conducive to the production of sulfidizing environments. In the other case, stress contributes to brittle fracture in the form of intergranular cracking. The phenomenon, which is known by various names, typically occurs at the lower end of the intermediate temperature range and has been observed in ferritic steels, stainless steels, Fe-Ni-Cr alloys, and nickel-base alloys, as described in the chapter.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2017
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.sccmpe2.t55090191
EISBN: 978-1-62708-266-2
... Abstract Irradiation-assisted stress-corrosion cracking (IASCC) has been a topic of engineering interest since it was first reported in the 1960s, having been observed in stainless steel cladding on light water reactor fuel elements. This chapter summarizes the results of decades...
Abstract
Irradiation-assisted stress-corrosion cracking (IASCC) has been a topic of engineering interest since it was first reported in the 1960s, having been observed in stainless steel cladding on light water reactor fuel elements. This chapter summarizes the results of decades of investigation, showing that IASCC can essentially be defined as the intergranular cracking of austenitic alloys in high-temperature water, where both the material and its environment have been altered by radiation. Of the many interactions that can occur when metals and water are exposed to radiation, the international consensus is that the three with the greatest impact on crack growth rates are the formation of material defects, radiation-induced segregation, and chemical reactions that increase the corrosion potential of water. The chapter discusses each of these in great detail, and includes information on predictive modeling as well.
Image
in Irradiation-Assisted Stress-Corrosion Cracking[1]
> Stress-Corrosion Cracking<subtitle>Materials Performance and Evaluation</subtitle>
Published: 01 January 2017
Fig. 6.3 Irradiation-assisted stress-corrosion cracking of various alloys exposed to (a) boiling water reactor (BWR) and (b) pressurized water reactor (PWR) core environments as a function of total strain in an in situ continuous-swelling tube test. Source: Ref 6.22 , 6.23 , 6.59
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Image
Published: 01 November 2007
Fig. 14.9 Stress-assisted preferential corrosion penetration for alloy 45TM tested to 2% strain at 600 °C (1110 °F) for 1820 h in CO-32H 2 -4CO 2 -0.2H 2 S. Note: the tested specimen surface was plated prior to the mounting of the metallographic sample to retain the surface corrosion products
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Image
Published: 01 November 2007
Fig. 14.10 Scanning electron micrograph for the stress-assisted preferential corrosion penetration in alloy 45TM tested to 4% strain at 600 °C (1110 °F) for 2000 h in CO-32H 2 -4CO 2 -0.2H 2 S and elemental x-ray maps for the corrosion products in chromium, oxygen, sulfur, silicon, and iron
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Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.fibtca.t52430204
EISBN: 978-1-62708-253-2
..., including general corrosion, under-deposit corrosion, microbially induced corrosion, flow-accelerated corrosion, stress-assisted corrosion, erosion-corrosion, cavitation, oxygen pitting, stress-corrosion cracking, and caustic embrittlement. The discussion is supported by several illustrations and relevant...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the effects of corrosion on boiler tube surfaces exposed to water and steam. It describes the process of corrosion, the formation of scale, and the oxides of iron from which it forms. It addresses the primary types of corrosion found in boiler environments, including general corrosion, under-deposit corrosion, microbially induced corrosion, flow-accelerated corrosion, stress-assisted corrosion, erosion-corrosion, cavitation, oxygen pitting, stress-corrosion cracking, and caustic embrittlement. The discussion is supported by several illustrations and relevant case studies.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2007
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.htcma.t52080001
EISBN: 978-1-62708-304-1
... of these subjects are covered in Chapter 14, “Stress-Assisted Corrosion and Cracking.” The subject of erosion and erosion/corrosion is also reviewed with an attempt to offer readers general guidance on materials selection and application. Discussion also includes hydrogen attack of carbon steels in boilers...
Abstract
This chapter outlines the topics covered in the book and explains why and to whom the book was written. The book is intended for engineers, metallurgists, and failure analysts who work with materials and components that operate in high-temperature corrosive environments. It covers eight basic modes of high-temperature corrosion as well as the effect of external and residual stresses. It also provides an extensive amount of engineering data associated primarily with commercial alloys.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.fibtca.t52430147
EISBN: 978-1-62708-253-2
... corrosion or phosphate hide out Microbially induced corrosion Flow-assisted corrosion (FAC) Erosion corrosion Cavitation damage Oxygen attack or oxygen pitting Stress-corrosion cracking (SCC) Caustic stress-corrosion cracking or caustic embrittlement Stress-assisted corrosion (SAC...
Abstract
This chapter provides an outline of the failure modes and mechanisms associated with most boiler tube failures in coal-fired power plants. Primary categories include stress rupture failures, water-side corrosion, fire-side corrosion, fire-side erosion, fatigue, operation failures, and insufficient quality control.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.fibtca.t52430376
EISBN: 978-1-62708-253-2
.... , “ Corrosion in Boilers and Water Circulation Systems with Special Reference to Marine Installations ,” p 166 – 172 , last modified 2011, eprints.nmlindia.org/3429/1/166-172.PDF 6.30 Yang D. , Singh P.M. , and Neu R.W. , Initiation and Propagation of Stress-Assisted Corrosion (SAC...
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2017
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.sccmpe2.t55090443
EISBN: 978-1-62708-266-2
...(2013): Standard test method for determining threshold stress intensity factor for environmentally-assisted cracking of metallic materials. ASTM E1823: Standard terminology related to Fatigue and Fracture testing. ASTM G30: Practice for making and using U-Bend stress-corrosion test specimens...
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2017
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.sccmpe2.t55090317
EISBN: 978-1-62708-266-2
... avoidance must be given serious attention. Previous reviews of environmentally assisted cracking of uranium alloys have concentrated on presenting detailed data for stress-corrosion cracking (SCC) ( Ref 12.1 – 12.4 ) or hydrogen embrittlement ( Ref 12.2 , 12.5 – 12.7 ) in specific alloys and alloy...
Abstract
Uranium alloys are used in applications requiring dense metals, but they have little resistance to oxidation and corrosion and are susceptible to environmentally assisted cracking, particularly when processed to high strength levels. This chapter describes the conditions under which uranium alloys are most prone to cracking. It discusses testing and characterization methods, cracking phenomenology, material properties, and microstructure. It also provides suggestions for avoiding and overcoming environmentally assisted cracking problems.
Image
Published: 01 December 2015
Fig. 12 4137 steel (UNS G41370) bolts (hardness, 42 HRC) that failed by hydrogen-assisted stress-corrosion cracking caused by acidic chlorides from a leaking polymer solution. (a) Overall view of failed bolts. (b) Longitudinal section through one of the failed bolts in (a) showing multiple
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Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2017
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.sccmpe2.9781627082662
EISBN: 978-1-62708-266-2
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cpi2.t55030003
EISBN: 978-1-62708-282-2
... for many years. A broad view would separate corrosion into two categories: corrosion that is not influenced by any other process and corrosion that is influenced by another process, such as the presence of stresses or erosion. A more focused view would categorize corrosion as uniform or localized, aqueous...
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 September 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.fahtsc.t51130503
EISBN: 978-1-62708-284-6
... weldment. These include poor workmanship, a variety of hydrogen-assisted cracking failures, stress-corrosion cracking, fatigue, and solidification cracking in steel welds. Hydrogen-assisted cracking can appear in four common forms, namely underbead or delayed cracking, weld metal fisheyes, ferrite vein...
Abstract
Failure analysis of steel welds may be divided into three categories. They include failures due to design deficiencies, weld-related defects usually found during inspection, and failures in field service. This chapter emphasizes the failures due to various discontinuities in the steel weldment. These include poor workmanship, a variety of hydrogen-assisted cracking failures, stress-corrosion cracking, fatigue, and solidification cracking in steel welds. Hydrogen-assisted cracking can appear in four common forms, namely underbead or delayed cracking, weld metal fisheyes, ferrite vein cracking, and hydrogen-assisted reduced ductility.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2017
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.sccmpe2.t55090333
EISBN: 978-1-62708-266-2
..., a sharp notch on the specimen will be produced by stress-assisted corrosion or by concentration of stress on preexisting surface defects. Because film-free sites on an amorphous alloy are highly reactive, the solution condition will be suitable for reduction of hydrogen ions, resulting in penetration...
Abstract
Amorphous alloys, because of their lack of crystallographic slip planes, are assumed to be insensitive to the selective corrosion attack that causes stress-corrosion cracking (SCC) in crystalline alloys. However, under certain conditions, melt-spun amorphous alloys have proven vulnerable to SCC due to hydrogen embrittlement. This chapter presents findings from several studies on this phenomenon, describing test conditions as well as cracking and fracture behaviors. It also discusses the effect of deformation on corrosion behavior, particularly for alloys without strongly passivating elements.
Image
Published: 01 November 2007
Fig. 14.12 Scanning electron micrograph in a backscattered electron image along with x-ray maps for Cr, O, S, Al and Fe showing the stress-assisted preferential corrosion penetration (fingerlike penetration attack) on alloy MA956 tested to 5% strain at 600 °C for 1830 h in CO-32H 2 -4CO 2
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Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cub.t66910099
EISBN: 978-1-62708-250-1
... corrosion; galvanic corrosion; erosion-corrosion, including cavitation erosion and fretting corrosion; intergranular corrosion, including sensitization and exfoliation; dealloying; environmentally assisted cracking, including stress-corrosion cracking, corrosion fatigue, and hydrogen damage (including...
Abstract
Corrosion problems can be divided into eight categories based on the appearance of the corrosion damage or the mechanism of attack: uniform or general corrosion; pitting corrosion; crevice corrosion, including corrosion under tubercles or deposits, filiform corrosion, and poultice corrosion; galvanic corrosion; erosion-corrosion, including cavitation erosion and fretting corrosion; intergranular corrosion, including sensitization and exfoliation; dealloying; environmentally assisted cracking, including stress-corrosion cracking, corrosion fatigue, and hydrogen damage (including hydrogen embrittlement, hydrogen-induced blistering, high-temperature hydrogen attack, and hydride formation). All these forms are addressed in this chapter in the context of aqueous corrosion. For each form, a general description is provided along with information on the causes and the list of metals that can be affected, with particular emphasis on the recognition and prevention measures.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 1999
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.caaa.t67870099
EISBN: 978-1-62708-299-0
... Abstract Environmentally assisted cracking is a generic term that includes various cracking phenomena such as stress-corrosion cracking (SCC), corrosion fatigue cracking, and liquid-metal embrittlement. This chapter describes these cracking mechanisms beginning with SCC and the factors...
Abstract
Environmentally assisted cracking is a generic term that includes various cracking phenomena such as stress-corrosion cracking (SCC), corrosion fatigue cracking, and liquid-metal embrittlement. This chapter describes these cracking mechanisms beginning with SCC and the factors that influence its formation. It covers alloy selection and mitigation techniques and includes examples of SCC in aircraft components. The chapter also addresses corrosion fatigue, explaining how different environments and operating conditions affect crack propagation, fatigue strength, and fatigue life. It includes information on liquid-metal embrittlement as well.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cpi2.t55030070
EISBN: 978-1-62708-282-2
... and processing specifics, the intergranular (IG) corrosion and stress-corrosion cracking (SCC) resistance of 2 xxx alloys can vary significantly. The basic mechanism is galvanic interaction between the grain boundary region and the interior grain matrix ( Ref 2 , 3 ). Consider alloy 2024 in the solution heat...