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Image
Effected of stress raisers on stress concentration and distribution of stre...
Available to Purchase
in Sources of Failures in Carburized and Carbonitrided Components
> Failure Analysis of Heat Treated Steel Components
Published: 01 September 2008
Fig. 2 Effected of stress raisers on stress concentration and distribution of stress at several changes of form in components. (a) to (c) Progressive increases in stress with decreasing fillet radii. (d) to (f) Relative magnitude and distribution of stress resulting from uniform loading. (g
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Image
Schematic of wrist pin. Note stress raisers at “A” and the rough machining ...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 September 2008
Fig. 28 Schematic of wrist pin. Note stress raisers at “A” and the rough machining on surface “B.” Source: Ref 18
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Book Chapter
Steel Heat Treatment Failures due to Quenching
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 September 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.fahtsc.t51130255
EISBN: 978-1-62708-284-6
... on the effects of materials and quench process design on distortion of steel during heat treating. Details on stress raisers and their role in quench cracking are then presented. The chapter ends with various selected case histories of failures attributed to the quenching process. quenching phase...
Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of the fundamental material- and process-related parameters of quenching on residual stress, distortion control, and cracking. It begins with a description of phase transformations during heating and quenching of steel. This is followed by a section on the effects of materials and quench process design on distortion of steel during heat treating. Details on stress raisers and their role in quench cracking are then presented. The chapter ends with various selected case histories of failures attributed to the quenching process.
Image
Schematic residual stress distribution resulting from geometric-induced yie...
Available to Purchase
in Deformation and Fracture Mechanisms and Static Strength of Metals
> Mechanics and Mechanisms of Fracture: An Introduction
Published: 01 August 2005
Fig. 2.77 Schematic residual stress distribution resulting from geometric-induced yielding at a stress raiser
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Image
Uniform, unbroken grain flow around the contours of the forged head of a th...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 October 2011
Fig. 6.7 Uniform, unbroken grain flow around the contours of the forged head of a threaded fastener. The uniform, unbroken grain flow minimizes stress raisers and unfavorable shear planes and therefore improves fatigue strength.
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Image
General fracture-surface regions from ductile fracture of an unnotched (a) ...
Available to Purchase
in Deformation and Fracture Mechanisms and Static Strength of Metals
> Mechanics and Mechanisms of Fracture: An Introduction
Published: 01 August 2005
the radial zone, because fracture initiates near the root of the notch (and completely around the specimens in this idealized case without additional stress raisers). Fast final fracture occurs in the center.
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Book Chapter
Cracking of Filter Components in an Aircraft
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 October 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.faesmch.t51270165
EISBN: 978-1-62708-301-0
.... The sharp fillet acts as a stress raiser and lowers the threshold value of the stress-intensity factor for crack initiation. Conclusion The cracking of the LP filter bowl and the HP filter head was due to fatigue. The fatigue crack in both cases initiated at transition regions on the inner surface...
Abstract
Two filtration components installed on a developmental aircraft cracked during pressure impulse testing. Both parts were made from an aluminum alloy, solutionized and aged, and cracked due to fatigue. In both cases, the crack initiated at a transition region on an inner surface and progressed circumferentially outward. Based on these observations and the results of SEM fractography and microstructural analysis, the fatigue cracking can be traced to insufficient fillet radius at the transition zone.
Book Chapter
Failure of a Gear in an Aircraft Engine
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 October 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.faesmch.t51270177
EISBN: 978-1-62708-301-0
... as the cause of fracture of the gear. The fatigue crack had initiated at the inner corner of the rim where an elongated MnS inclusion was present at the critical location near the surface. Elongated MnS inclusions act as stress raisers and are potential sites for crack initiation. The presence of a hardened...
Abstract
A driven gear in the gear box of an aircraft engine fractured after a 40 h test run. The driving gear and gear shaft were also damaged. Based on the results of fractography, chemical analysis, metallography, and hardness testing, the fracture was caused by a fatigue crack initiating at the corner of the inner rim near an inclusion. The report recommends the use of a cleaner material and more carefully controlling case hardening process.
Book Chapter
Causes of Gear Failure
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 1985
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.sagf.t63420129
EISBN: 978-1-62708-452-9
... (as discussed in Chapter 1 , and illustrated in Fig. 1-20 ) cause the bore to be highly vulnerable to fatigue. Consequently, any oil holes extending from the bore outward act as stress raisers ( Fig. 5-9 ). This is not always the case, however, since occasionally the fatigue originates at the oil hole end...
Abstract
This chapter focuses on the causes of gear failure under five major headings. These include basic material, focusing on steel, engineering, focusing on the integration of design, manufacturing, heat treatment, and service application.
Book Chapter
Stress Severity Factor
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mmfi.t69540391
EISBN: 978-1-62708-309-6
... discussion focuses on K SSF in association with fastener holes in attachment joints. As always, the local peak stress at a stress raiser point is equal to: (Eq A5.1) σ peak = K SSF ⋅ S REF where S REF is the reference stress, which is usually the gross-section...
Abstract
Stress severity factors are used in design and analysis to account for stress concentrations, variations in material properties and fabrication quality, and other analytical uncertainties. They indicate the severity of stress in areas that are prone to crack development. This appendix discusses stress severity factors associated with fastener holes in attachment joints.
Book Chapter
Mechanical and Electronic Failures
Available to PurchaseBook: Systems Failure Analysis
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2009
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.sfa.t52780109
EISBN: 978-1-62708-268-6
... loads and compares these stresses to the strength of the material. The analysis also considers the effects of stress raisers in the component design. Such things as sharp corners or other dimensional characteristics that greatly increase stresses experienced by a component can induce stress raisers...
Abstract
This chapter focuses on common failure characteristics exhibited by mechanical and electrical components. The topic is considered from two perspectives: one possibility is that the system failed because parts were nonconforming to drawing requirements and another possibility is that the system failed even though all parts in the system met their drawing requirements. The common failures discussed in this chapter include those associated with metallic components, composite materials, plastic components, ceramic components, and electrical and electronic components.
Book Chapter
Redesign As Steel Castings
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1995
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.sch6.t68200144
EISBN: 978-1-62708-354-6
... to the greatest stresses. It is generally better not to locate riser contacts in areas of greatest stress because metal removal in the contact area, e.g., grinding marks, may remain and introduce stress raisers. The center portion of the beam, containing a hole in the finished condition, was cast solid...
Abstract
Parts of machines and equipment that have previously been designed as wrought or fabricated parts, or as cast parts of metals other than steel, are often reconsidered as steel castings. This chapter presents bending test data for several junction designs of L and box sections and discusses redesign from fabrication, forgings, and cast iron. The chapter also includes the benefits of redesign.
Book
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.tt2.9781627083553
EISBN: 978-1-62708-355-3
Book Chapter
Basic Understanding of Gears
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 1985
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.sagf.t63420001
EISBN: 978-1-62708-452-9
... of stress raiser is present at the surface. This is not so with through hardened or non-heat treated parts since the strength is uniform throughout the part. Under this condition, torsional tensile failure is expected to originate at the surface. In most instances of torsional failure of carburized...
Abstract
This chapter presents the purpose, design, and function of a gear. It also presents the basic stresses applied to a gear tooth. The chapter provides an overview on the bending strength and characteristics of the gear tooth.
Book Chapter
Glossary of Terms
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.tt2.t51060265
EISBN: 978-1-62708-355-3
... of a portion of the length of a cylindrical shell or tube. nominal stress. The stress at a point calculated on the net cross section by simple elasticity theory without taking into account the effect on the stress produced by stress raisers such as holes, grooves, llets, etc. Glossary of Terms / 269 normal...
Abstract
This chapter is a compilation of terms and definitions related to tensile testing.
Book Chapter
Fatigue Strength of Metals
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mmfi.t69540121
EISBN: 978-1-62708-309-6
... Abstract This chapter examines the stress-strain characteristics of metals and alloys subjected to cyclic loading and the cumulative effects of fatigue. It begins by explaining how a single load reversal can lower the yield stress of a material and how repeated reversals can cause strain...
Abstract
This chapter examines the stress-strain characteristics of metals and alloys subjected to cyclic loading and the cumulative effects of fatigue. It begins by explaining how a single load reversal can lower the yield stress of a material and how repeated reversals can cause strain hardening and softening, both of which lead to premature failure. It then discusses the stages of fatigue fracture, using detailed images to show how cracks initiate and grow and how they leave telltale marks on fracture surfaces. It goes on to describe fatigue life assessment methods and demonstrate their use on different metals and alloys. The chapter also discusses design-based approaches for preventing fatigue failures.
Book Chapter
Defects Leading to Failure
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2012
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ffub.t53610585
EISBN: 978-1-62708-303-4
... examples of design deficiencies include unintended stress raisers due to excessively sharp notches (e.g., in keyways on shafts) or insufficient radii (e.g., on shafts at bearing journals). Other examples include unanticipated residual stresses associated with heat treated parts designed with complex...
Abstract
This appendix provides detailed information on design deficiencies, material and manufacturing defects, and service-life anomalies. It covers ingot-related defects, forging and sheet forming imperfections, casting defects, heat treating defects, and weld discontinuities. It shows how application life is affected by the severity of service conditions and discusses the consequences of using inappropriate materials.
Book Chapter
Glossary
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 November 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.uhcf3.t53630281
EISBN: 978-1-62708-270-9
..., that cause local increases in stress on a metal under load. Typical are sharpcornered grooves, threads, fillets, holes, and the like. Effect is most critical when the stress concentration is perpendicular (normal) to the principal tensile stress. Same as notch or stress raiser. stress corrosion. Preferential...
Abstract
This chapter is a compilation of terms and definitions related to component failure analysis.
Book Chapter
Modes of Gear Failure
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 1985
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.sagf.t63420085
EISBN: 978-1-62708-452-9
... others will be unaffected. It is these internal stress raisers that will allow a crack to form at a specific point when the resultant strain exceeds the elastic limit of that point. The cracks flow together and accumulate to form a plane of progression; then the path of least resistance is followed...
Abstract
This chapter presents a detailed discussion on the three most frequent gear failure modes. These include tooth bending fatigue, tooth bending impact, and abrasive tooth wear. Tooth bending fatigue includes surface contact fatigue (pitting), rolling contact fatigue, contact fatigue (spalling), thermal fatigue, and shaft fatigue. Tooth bending impact includes tooth shear, tooth chipping, case crushing, and torsional shear.
Book Chapter
Glossary of Terms, Symbols, and Abbreviations
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mmfi.t69540431
EISBN: 978-1-62708-309-6
.... (or exposure of the stressed metal to hydro- global stress. The stress at a point calculated on gen) and the onset of cracking. Also referred the global coordinate system by simple elas- to as static fatigue. ticity theory without taking into account the effect induced by stress raisers such as holes...
Abstract
This appendix is a compilation of terms, definitions, abbreviations, and symbols associated with the mechanics and mechanisms of fracture.
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