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strengthening mechanisms
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Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 October 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mnm2.t53060049
EISBN: 978-1-62708-261-7
.... The strengthening mechanisms covered are solid-solution strengthening, cold working, and dispersion strengthening. The effect of grain size on the yield strength of a material is also discussed. cold working creep deformation dispersion strengthening elasticity plasticity solid-solution strengthening...
Abstract
This chapter introduces the concepts of mechanical properties and the various underlying metallurgical mechanisms that can be used to alter the strength of materials. The mechanical properties discussed include elasticity, plasticity, creep deformation, fatigue, toughness, and hardness. The strengthening mechanisms covered are solid-solution strengthening, cold working, and dispersion strengthening. The effect of grain size on the yield strength of a material is also discussed.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2010
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.sap.t53000017
EISBN: 978-1-62708-313-3
... of grain structure, as in columnar-grained alloys, or by the elimination of grain boundaries as with single-crystal superalloys. dispersion strengthening precipitation hardening solid-solution hardening superalloys SUPERALLOYS ARE STRENGTHENED through three principal mechanisms: solid...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the metallurgical changes that occur and the improvements that can be achieved in superalloys through solid-solution hardening, precipitation hardening, and dispersion strengthening. It also explains how further improvements can be achieved through the control of grain structure, as in columnar-grained alloys, or by the elimination of grain boundaries as with single-crystal superalloys.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 March 2012
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.pdub.t53420303
EISBN: 978-1-62708-310-2
... Abstract This chapter examines two important strengthening mechanisms, martensitic and bainitic transformations, both of which occur under nonequilibrium cooling conditions. It explains how time-temperature-transformation diagrams are constructed and how they are used to understand and control...
Abstract
This chapter examines two important strengthening mechanisms, martensitic and bainitic transformations, both of which occur under nonequilibrium cooling conditions. It explains how time-temperature-transformation diagrams are constructed and how they are used to understand and control the formation of martensite and bainite in steel and other alloys. It describes the morphology of both types of structures, the factors that influence their formation, how they respond to tempering processes, and their effect on mechanical properties and behaviors. It also discusses the role of transformation hysteresis in shape memory alloys.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 March 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.fdsm.t69870375
EISBN: 978-1-62708-344-7
... –10 12 10 7 –10 12 10 14 >10 14 Source: Ref A.38 Principal strengthening mechanisms in some common structural materials Table A.8 Principal strengthening mechanisms in some common structural materials Material and condition Approximate room temperature yield strength...
Abstract
This appendix provides supplemental information on the metallurgical aspects of atomic structure, the use of dislocation theory, heat treatment processes and procedures, important engineering materials and strengthening mechanisms, and the nature of elastic, plastic, and creep strain components. It also provides information on mechanical property and fatigue testing, the use of hysteresis energy to analyze fatigue, a procedure for inverting equations to solve for dependent variables, and a method for dealing with the statistical nature of failure.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ttg2.t61120095
EISBN: 978-1-62708-269-3
... Abstract This chapter examines the process, structure, and property relationships in titanium alloys. It provides information on microstructures and strengthening mechanisms, the role of alloy and interstitial elements, and the effect of composition, processing, and surface treatments...
Abstract
This chapter examines the process, structure, and property relationships in titanium alloys. It provides information on microstructures and strengthening mechanisms, the role of alloy and interstitial elements, and the effect of composition, processing, and surface treatments on tensile and yield strength, fracture toughness, hardness, ductility, and creep and fatigue behaviors. The chapter covers wrought, cast, and powder metal titanium alloys and contains an extensive amount of property data.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 March 2012
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.pdub.t53420339
EISBN: 978-1-62708-310-2
... Abstract This chapter discusses the basic principles of precipitation hardening, an important strengthening mechanism in nonferrous alloys as well as stainless steel. It begins with a detailed review of the theory of precipitation hardening, then describes its application to aluminum alloys...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the basic principles of precipitation hardening, an important strengthening mechanism in nonferrous alloys as well as stainless steel. It begins with a detailed review of the theory of precipitation hardening, then describes its application to aluminum alloys and nickel-base superalloys.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.aub.t61170308
EISBN: 978-1-62708-297-6
... characteristics as well as the effect of alloying elements. It also discusses strengthening mechanisms and, where appropriate, corrosion behavior. corrosion resistance molybdenum niobium rhenium tantalum tungsten Composition Heat-resistant alloys Introduction and Overview Property...
Abstract
This article discusses the role of alloying in the production and use of common refractory metals, including molybdenum, tungsten, niobium, tantalum, and rhenium. It provides an overview of each metal and its alloys, describing the compositions, properties, and processing characteristics as well as the effect of alloying elements. It also discusses strengthening mechanisms and, where appropriate, corrosion behavior.
Image
Published: 01 December 1996
Fig. 8-42 The influence of hot rolling variables on the effect of primary ferrite grain size on the yield strength of Nb-containing steels. (Adapted from K.J. Irvine, A Comparison of the Bainite Transformation with Other Strengthening Mechanisms in High-Strength Structural Steel, Steel
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Image
Published: 01 January 2015
Fig. 12.12 Yield strength as a function of ferrite grain size in low-carbon steels. Contributions of various other strengthening mechanisms, with ΔY a measure of strengthening from precipitation if applicable, are also indicated. Source: Ref 12.31
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Image
Published: 01 December 1996
Fig. 8-24 Solubility product for various carbides and nitrides in austenite. (From B. Aronsson, in Steel Strengthening Mechanisms , p 77, Climax Molybdenum Co., Greenwich, CT (1969))
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Image
Published: 01 December 1996
. Cryderman, and M. Semchyshen, in Steel Strengthening Mechanisms , p 17, Climax Molybdenum, Ann Arbor, MI (1969), Ref 23 )
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Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ahsssta.t53700127
EISBN: 978-1-62708-279-2
... distortions in its body-centered tetragonal (bct) structure. The distorted lattice resists dislocation glide and increases the strength and hardness of martensite. The strengthening mechanism in tempered martensite shifts from resistance to dislocation glide in a distorted lattice to resistance to dislocation...
Abstract
Martensitic steels are produced by quenching carbon steel from the austenite phase into martensite. This chapter provides information on the composition, microstructures, processing, deformation mechanisms, mechanical properties, hot forming, tempering, and special attributes of martensitic steels.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.spsp2.t54410213
EISBN: 978-1-62708-265-5
... transition temperatures. In fact, grain-size refinement is the only mechanism that increases both strength and toughness. Figure 11.15 compares the effects of various low-carbon steel strengthening mechanisms on changes in impact transition temperatures ( Ref 11.28 ). Dislocation strengthening...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the stress-strain response of ferritic microstructures and its influence on tensile deformation, strain hardening, and ductile fracture of carbon steels. It describes the ductile-to-brittle transition that occurs in bcc ferrite, the effects of aging and grain size on strength and toughness, continuous and discontinuous yielding behaviors, and dispersion and solid-solution strengthening processes.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ahsssta.t53700023
EISBN: 978-1-62708-279-2
... Abstract This chapter discusses the compositions, metallurgical phases, microstructure, heat treatment, grades, and structure-property relationships of steels. In addition, it describes the mechanisms involved in deformation, strengthening, and annealing of steels. chemical composition...
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.spsp2.t54410405
EISBN: 978-1-62708-265-5
... during quenching and mechanical testing of steels with M S temperatures above room temperature provides major contributions to the strength of steels with martensitic microstructures, especially in steels with higher carbon contents. Table 18.1 shows various operating strengthening mechanisms...
Abstract
Steels with martensitic and tempered martensitic microstructures, though sometimes perceived as brittle, exhibit plasticity and ductile fracture behavior under certain conditions. This chapter describes the alloying and tempering conditions that produce a ductile form of martensite in low-carbon steels. It also discusses the effect of tempering temperature on the mechanical behavior and deformation properties of medium-carbon steels.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.emea.t52240135
EISBN: 978-1-62708-251-8
...: precipitation hardening, which takes place during heat treatment, and true dispersion hardening, which can be achieved by mechanical alloying and powder metallurgy consolidation. Fig. 9.1 Particle strengthening Particles are usually classified as deformable or nondeformable, meaning...
Abstract
Precipitation hardening is used extensively to strengthen aluminum alloys, magnesium alloys, nickel-base superalloys, beryllium-copper alloys, and precipitation-hardening stainless steels. This chapter discusses two types of particle strengthening: precipitation hardening, which takes place during heat treatment; and true dispersion hardening, which can be achieved by mechanical alloying and powder metallurgy consolidation. It provides information on the three steps of precipitation hardening of aluminum alloys: solution heat treating, rapid quenching, and aging.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 1983
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mlt.t62860237
EISBN: 978-1-62708-348-5
... Beryllium a Other phases may be present. References on background material for low-temperature mechanical properties of materials. Table 7.2 References on background material for low-temperature mechanical properties of materials. § 7.2 Temperature dependence of strengthening...
Abstract
The mechanical properties of a material describe the relations between the stresses acting on the material and its resulting deformations. Stresses capable of producing permanent deformations, which remain after the stresses are removed, are considered in this chapter. The effects of cryogenic temperatures on the mechanical properties of metals and alloys are reviewed in this chapter; the effects on polymers and glasses are discussed briefly. The fundamental mechanisms controlling temperature-dependent mechanical behavior, phenomena encountered in low-temperature testing, and the mechanical properties of some representative engineering metals and alloys are described. Modifications of test procedures for low temperatures and sources of data are also included.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2010
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.hss.t52790185
EISBN: 978-1-62708-356-0
... by their crystalline structure but rather by a particular strengthening mechanism in one of the structures. A steel of this type was first discovered by William Kroll of Luxembourg in 1929. His alloy was strengthened by small additions of titanium, which combine with carbon to produce fine titanium carbide...
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2010
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.sap.t53000117
EISBN: 978-1-62708-313-3
... in Nickel-Base Superalloys , Int. Met. Rev. , Vol 21 , 1976 , p 1 – 14 10.1179/imtr.1976.21.1.1 4. Poole J.M. , Fischer J.J. , Hack G.A.J. , and McColvin G.M. , The Development, Performance and Future of the Mechanical Alloying Process and Oxide Dispersion Strengthened...
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.fibtca.t52430087
EISBN: 978-1-62708-253-2
... mechanisms in these steels include solid solution strengthening, strengthening due to precipitation of intermetallic compounds, and carbide precipitation. The chemical compositions of representative grades of austenitic stainless steel for boiler tube application are given in Table 4.3 ( Ref 4.7...
Abstract
Boilers are often classified based on the maximum operating temperature and pressure for which they are designed. Classifications, in ascending order, are subcritical, supercritical, ultra-supercritical, and to advanced ultra-supercritical. At each higher operating point comes greater efficiency, as well as greater demand on construction materials. This chapter discusses the primary requirements for boiler tube materials, including oxidation and corrosion resistance, fatigue strength, thermal conductivity, and the ability to resist creep and rupture. It also provides information on various steels and alloys, covering cost, engineering specifications, and ease of use.
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