This article presents methods that enable one to consistently, uniformly and quickly remove substrate silicon from units without imparting damage to the structure of interest. It provides examples of electron beam probing and backside nano-probing techniques. The electron beam probing techniques are E-beam Logic State Imaging, Electron-beam Signal Image Mapping, and E-beam Device Perturbation. Backside nano-probing techniques discussed include: Electron Beam Absorbed Current, Electron Beam Induced Resistance Change, four terminal resistance measurements, resistive gate defect identification, and circuit editing. The article also presents methods to prepare electron beam probing samples where some remaining silicon is required for the transistor functions and transmission electron microscope samples from units where the substrate silicon has been partially or completely removed.

This article is a compilation of terms and definitions related to failure analysis that have been addressed in the proceedings of the International Symposium for Testing and Failure Analysis.

This appendix presents a table of definitions and conversion factors related to tribology and metalworking.

This article is a compilation of abbreviations and symbols related to characterization and failure analysis of plastics.

This appendix contains symbols for some common elements applicable to tribosystems.

The formation of martensite is characterized by its athermal transformation kinetics, crystallographic features, and development of fine structure. This chapter describes the diffusionless, shear-type transformation of austenite to martensite and how it affects the morphology and microstructure of heat-treatable carbon steels. It also provides information on lath and plate martensite and how they differ in structure and deformation properties.

Bainite is an intermediate temperature transformation product of austenite. This chapter describes the conditions under which bainite is likely to form. It discusses the effects of alloying on bainitic transformation, the difference between upper and lower bainite, and the influence of solute drag on bainite formation mechanisms. It also discusses the development of ferrite-carbide bainites and their effect on toughness, hardness, and ductility.

This chapter describes the two types of Time-Temperature-Transformation (TTT) diagrams used and outlines the methods of determining them. As a precursor to the examination of the decomposition of austenite, it first reviews the phases and microconstituents found in steels. This includes a presentation of the iron-carbon phase diagram and the equilibrium phases. The chapter also covers the common microconstituents that form in steels, including the nomenclature used to describe them. The chapter provides a comparison of isothermal and continuous cooling TTT diagrams. These diagrams are affected by the carbon and alloy content and by the prior austenite grain size, and the way in which these factors affect them is examined.

This chapter focuses on engineering drawings for casting production, providing information on machining and casting drawings and machining and tooling references.