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Book Chapter
History of Stainless Steel Melting and Refining
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2010
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.hss.t52790175
EISBN: 978-1-62708-356-0
... melting refining rustless process stainless steel Wild process THE TWO PRINCIPAL alloying elements in stainless steel are chromium in straight chromium steels and chromium and nickel in austenitic steels. Chromium is the difficult material to deal with, because it “gobbles up,” as one writer put...
Abstract
This chapter presents a brief description of the three-step process: melting, decarburizing, and alloying. It also discusses the following processes: wild process, rustless process, and Linde Argon-Oxygen decarburization process.
Image
Examples of ladle treatments used to refine molten steels. (a) Bottom stirr...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 October 2011
Fig. 5.14 Examples of ladle treatments used to refine molten steels. (a) Bottom stirring. (b) Powder injection. (c) Vacuum oxygen decarburization process. (d) Vacuum arc degassing
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Image
Austenitic grain refinement in a coarse-grained 0.5% C hypoeutectoid steel....
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 August 1999
Fig. 8.12 (Part 1) Austenitic grain refinement in a coarse-grained 0.5% C hypoeutectoid steel. Austenitic grain size initially as shown in Fig. 8.8 (Part 2) (e) . 0.50C-0.06Si-0.07Mn (wt%). (a) Austenitized at 950 °C for 1 h, cooled at 300 °C/h, one cycle. 180 HV. Picral. 100×. (b
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Image
Austenitic grain refinement in a coarse-grained 0.5% C hypoeutectoid steel....
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 August 1999
Fig. 8.12 (Part 2) Austenitic grain refinement in a coarse-grained 0.5% C hypoeutectoid steel. Austenitic grain size initially as shown in Fig. 8.8 (Part 2) (e) . 0.50C-0.06Si-0.07Mn (wt%). (a) Austenitized at 950 °C for 1 h, cooled at 300 °C/h, one cycle. 180 HV. Picral. 100×. (b
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Book Chapter
Primary Mill Fabrication
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mfub.t53740001
EISBN: 978-1-62708-308-9
... Abstract This chapter discusses the processes, procedures, and equipment used in the production of iron, steel, aluminum, and titanium alloys. It describes the design and operation of melting and refining furnaces, including blast furnaces, basic oxygen and electric arc furnaces, vacuum...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the processes, procedures, and equipment used in the production of iron, steel, aluminum, and titanium alloys. It describes the design and operation of melting and refining furnaces, including blast furnaces, basic oxygen and electric arc furnaces, vacuum induction melting furnaces, and electroslag and vacuum arc remelting furnaces. It also covers casting, rolling, and annealing procedures and describes the basic steps in aluminum and titanium production.
Book Chapter
Processes in Steel Production
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.msisep.t59220009
EISBN: 978-1-62708-259-4
... changed over time, and describes secondary refining processes such as degassing, homogenization, rinsing, and remelting. blast furnace electric arc furnace The classical definition of steel is “an iron-carbon alloy with up to [about] 2% carbon” ( Ref 1 ). This limit is taken from the maximum...
Abstract
This chapter describes the basic steps in the steelmaking process. It explains how iron is reduced from ore in the liquid state through the classic blast furnace process and in the solid state by direct reduction. It discusses the conversion of iron to steel and the technological advancements that led from open hearth steelmaking to basic oxygen processes and ultimately the electric arc furnace (EAF). It describes the versatility, efficiency, and scalability of the EAF process and its impact on recycling and sustainability. It explains how EAF refining and deoxidation practices have changed over time, and describes secondary refining processes such as degassing, homogenization, rinsing, and remelting.
Book Chapter
Classification of Carbon and Low-Alloy Steels
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 December 2020
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.phtbp.t59310095
EISBN: 978-1-62708-326-3
... information on residual elements, microalloying, grain refinement, mechanical properties, and grain size of these steels. In addition, the effects of free-machining additives are also discussed. carbon steel composition grain size hardenability low-alloy steel PLAIN CARBON STEELS are by far...
Abstract
This chapter describes the designations of carbon and low-alloy steels and their general characteristics in terms of their response to hardening and mechanical properties. The steels covered are low-carbon steels, higher manganese carbon steels, boron-treated carbon steels, H-steels, free-machining carbon steels, low-alloy manganese steels, low-alloy molybdenum steels, low-alloy chromium-molybdenum steels, low-alloy nickel-chromium-molybdenum steels, low-alloy nickel-molybdenum steels, low-alloy chromium steels, and low-alloy silicon-manganese steels. The chapter provides information on residual elements, microalloying, grain refinement, mechanical properties, and grain size of these steels. In addition, the effects of free-machining additives are also discussed.
Book Chapter
Stainless Steels
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.emea.t52240433
EISBN: 978-1-62708-251-8
... to refine stainless steel. The chapter also provides information on the classification and composition of stainless steel castings. It concludes with a brief description of the Schaeffler constitution diagram which is useful in predicting the type of stainless steel as a function of its alloy content...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the classification, composition, properties, and applications of five types of stainless steels: austenitic, ferritic, duplex, martensitic, and precipitation-hardening steels. It discusses the process involved in argon oxygen decarburization that is used to refine stainless steel. The chapter also provides information on the classification and composition of stainless steel castings. It concludes with a brief description of the Schaeffler constitution diagram which is useful in predicting the type of stainless steel as a function of its alloy content.
Book Chapter
Welding
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ssde.t52310201
EISBN: 978-1-62708-286-0
... Abstract This chapter provides a basis for understanding the influence of stainless steel alloy composition and metallurgy on the welding process, which involves complex dynamics associated with melting, refining, and thermal processing. It begins with an overview of the welding characteristics...
Abstract
This chapter provides a basis for understanding the influence of stainless steel alloy composition and metallurgy on the welding process, which involves complex dynamics associated with melting, refining, and thermal processing. It begins with an overview of the welding characteristics of the categories of stainless steels, namely austenitic, duplex, ferritic, martensitic, and precipitation-hardening stainless steels. This is followed by a discussion of the selection criteria for materials to be welded. Various welding processes used with stainless steel are then described. The chapter ends with a section on some of the practices to ensure safety and weld quality.
Book Chapter
Annealing of Metals and Normalizing of Steel
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 December 2020
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.phtbp.t59310127
EISBN: 978-1-62708-326-3
... Abstract This chapter describes the general characteristics of major types of steel annealing, including the process of normalization, which is a process that refines or normalizes the microstructure of steel. The first part of the chapter begins with an overview of the three-stage process...
Abstract
This chapter describes the general characteristics of major types of steel annealing, including the process of normalization, which is a process that refines or normalizes the microstructure of steel. The first part of the chapter begins with an overview of the three-stage process of recovery, recrystallization, and grain growth. This is followed by discussions on annealing processes, namely subcritical annealing, critical-range annealing, full annealing, isothermal annealing, annealing for microstructure, and solution or quench annealing. Next, the chapter describes two undesirable reactions that occur during annealing: decarburization and scaling. Information on the gases and gas mixtures used for controlled atmospheres is then provided. The second part of the chapter focuses on the processes involved in normalizing, along with information on furnace equipment for normalizing. In addition, the chapter includes information on processes involved in induction heating of steel.
Book Chapter
Austenitization
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 1999
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.lmcs.t66560185
EISBN: 978-1-62708-291-4
...- and fine-grained steels. The chapter also discusses grain-refinement processes and some of the effects of overheating, including sulfide spheroidization, grain-boundary sulfide precipitation, and grain-boundary liquation. austenitization carbon steel grain boundary grain growth grain size We...
Abstract
This chapter examines the structural changes that occur in high-carbon steels during austenitization. It describes the effect of heating time and temperature on the production of austenite and the associated transformation of ferrite and cementite in eutectoid, hypoeutectoid, and hypereutectoid steels. It discusses the factors that influence the kinetics of the process, including carbon diffusion and the morphology of the original structure. It describes the nucleation and growth of austenite grains, the effect of grain size on mechanical properties, and the difference between coarse- and fine-grained steels. The chapter also discusses grain-refinement processes and some of the effects of overheating, including sulfide spheroidization, grain-boundary sulfide precipitation, and grain-boundary liquation.
Book Chapter
Influential Microstructural Features
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1999
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cmp.t66770099
EISBN: 978-1-62708-337-9
... chapters, their significant influence on properties justifies their review. Grain Size For optimal properties, it is essential that the grain size of a carburized and hardened component is both uniform and fine. Generally, the starting point is a grain-refined steel having an ASTM grain size from...
Abstract
This chapter is a study of the microstructure of case-hardened steels. It explains what can be learned by examining grain size, microcracking, nonmetallic inclusions, and the effects of microsegregation. It identifies information-rich features, describing their ideal characteristics, the likely cause of variations observed, and their effect on mechanical properties and behaviors. The discussions throughout the chapter are aided by the use of images, diagrams, data plots, and tables.
Book Chapter
High-Strength Low-Alloy Steels
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.aub.t61170193
EISBN: 978-1-62708-297-6
... carbide or carbonitride-forming elements such as niobium, vanadium, and/or titanium for precipitation strengthening, grain refinement, and possibly transformation temperature control As-rolled pearlitic steels , which may include carbon-manganese steels but which may also have small additions of other...
Abstract
This article discusses the effect of alloying on high-strength low-alloy (HSLA) steels. It explains where HSLA steels fit in the continuum of commercial steels and describes the six general categories into which they are divided. It provides composition data for standard types or grades of HSLA steel along with information on available mill forms, key characteristics, and intended uses. The article explains how small amounts of alloying elements, particularly vanadium, niobium, and titanium, control not only the properties of HSLA steels, but also their manufacturability.
Book Chapter
Melting, Casting, and Hot Processing
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ssde.t52310155
EISBN: 978-1-62708-286-0
... Abstract This article discusses the steps in the primary processing of stainless steels: melting, refining, remelting, casting, and hot rolling. It provides information of the major categories of defects in hot rolled stainless steels, namely hot mill defects, inclusion-related defects, and hot...
Abstract
This article discusses the steps in the primary processing of stainless steels: melting, refining, remelting, casting, and hot rolling. It provides information of the major categories of defects in hot rolled stainless steels, namely hot mill defects, inclusion-related defects, and hot ductility-related defects.
Book Chapter
Hydrogen Attack
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2007
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.htcma.t52080437
EISBN: 978-1-62708-304-1
... in petroleum refining, where hydrogen attack was observed. It documents the extent of the damage in each case and identifies the source of the hydrogen. coal-fired boilers hydrogen attack 17.1 Introduction Hydrogen attack can result in brittle fracture of a steel component during high...
Abstract
Carbon and low-alloy steels in high-temperature service are vulnerable to the effects of hydrogen attack, which include severe loss in tensile and rupture strengths as well as ductility. As the chapter explains, when steel is in contact with hydrogen molecules at elevated temperatures, hydrogen atoms can be absorbed at the surface and then diffuse into the metal. Hydrogen atoms in the metal then react with iron carbide forming methane gas which can accumulate at grain boundaries and other interfaces. The chapter describes two applications, one in coal-fired boilers, the other in petroleum refining, where hydrogen attack was observed. It documents the extent of the damage in each case and identifies the source of the hydrogen.
Image
Relationship between austenitizing parameters and grain size for grain-refi...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 December 1999
Fig. 5.3 Relationship between austenitizing parameters and grain size for grain-refined and non-grain-refined AISI 1060 steel. (a) Effect of austenitizing temperature (2 h soak). (b) Effect of austenitizing time. Source: Ref 5
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Book Chapter
Melting
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1995
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.sch6.t68200187
EISBN: 978-1-62708-354-6
... vessels are used to further process the metal for use in demanding applications. The AOD vessel permits easier control, refining, and removal of gases. Many of the operations performed in an AOD vessel may be carried out in a ladle. This is common in the steel industry, and is in the development stage...
Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of the types of melting furnaces and refractories for steel casting. It then presents information about arc furnace melting and induction melting cycles. The chapter also describes methods for the removal of phosphorous, the removal of sulfur, and the recovery of elements from slag. It then presents an overview of argon-oxygen-decarburization (AOD) refining and types of ladles. The chapter describes chemical analysis that is performed using either optical emission or x-ray spectrographs.
Image
Control of solidification structure by inoculation. (a, upper) The solidifi...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 December 2008
Fig. 8.9 Control of solidification structure by inoculation. (a, upper) The solidification structure of Al-16%Si alloy; (a, lower) the refinement of primary crystal Si by inoculation of P ( Ref 7 , 8 ). (b, upper) The cast structure of 17Cr stainless steel; (b, lower) the equiaxialization
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Book Chapter
Discovering Metals—A Historical Overview
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 October 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mnm2.t53060073
EISBN: 978-1-62708-261-7
... Cast steel developed by Benjamin Huntsman England 1779 Cast iron used as architectural material, Ironbridge Gorge England 1826 Zinc statuary France 1838 Electrodeposition of copper Russia, England 1884 Electrolytic refining of aluminum United States, France Source: Ref 4.1...
Abstract
The discovery and use of materials have shaped civilization since ancient times. This chapter traces the history of the use of metals from hammered copper estimated to be 11,000 years old to the development of electrolytically refined aluminum in 1884. The discussion covers the advent of the Bronze Age, extraction of metals from their respective ores, and the discovery of modern metals such as chromium, vanadium, platinum, and titanium.
Image
Micrographs of as-cast steel containing iron sulfide network (a) and globul...
Available to Purchase
in Solidification, Segregation, and Nonmetallic Inclusions
> Metallography of Steels<subtitle>Interpretation of Structure and the Effects of Processing</subtitle>
Published: 01 August 2018
Fig. 8.69 Micrographs of as-cast steel containing iron sulfide network (a) and globular manganese sulfide (b). No etching. The amount and size of the nonmetallic inclusions shown in this and Fig. 8.68 are almost impossible to find in modern steels produced with current refining processes
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