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statistical hypothesis testing
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Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.msisep.t59220667
EISBN: 978-1-62708-259-4
... variability in materials. A statistical criterion must normally be established to compare values, taking into account not only averages but also their statistical dispersions. Once the basic conditions of the test of hypothesis are defined, the performance of the actual tests and exams can be started...
Abstract
This chapter provides guidelines for conducting metallographic evaluations and offers suggestions on how to effectively report the results. It explains how the approach depends on the objective of the evaluation, which is usually to measure a structural feature, test a hypothesis, or investigate structure-related effects. The chapter addresses each case, tailoring its guidelines and suggestions accordingly.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1995
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.sch6.t68200206
EISBN: 978-1-62708-354-6
... by Montgomery ( 12 ). Capability indices are statistical estimates from sample data and, as such, they are not exact values but have confidence intervals surrounding them ( 13 ). Demonstrating achievement of a particular capability is a statistical hypothesis testing problem, not just a straightforward...
Abstract
Users of steel castings establish performance requirements for specific characteristics of the castings based on the planned use. They express tolerance for variation in those characteristics to the producer of the castings. One issue which should never be taken for granted in considering capability and tolerances is the ability to measure with accuracy and precision (repeatability and reproducibility). This chapter discusses the methods for measuring accuracy and precision. It describes the variation of process characteristics, capability indices in general use, and factors related to process performance and tolerance specification.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mfadr7.t91110513
EISBN: 978-1-62708-247-1
... Abstract Root cause of failure in automotive electronics cannot be explained by the failure signatures of failed devices. Deeper investigations in these cases reveals that a superimposition of impact factors, which can never be represented by usual qualification testing, caused the failure...
Abstract
Root cause of failure in automotive electronics cannot be explained by the failure signatures of failed devices. Deeper investigations in these cases reveals that a superimposition of impact factors, which can never be represented by usual qualification testing, caused the failure. This article highlights some of the most frequent early life failure types in automotive applications. It describes some of the critical things to be considered while handling packages and printed circuit board layout. The article also provides information on failure anamnesis that shows how to use history, failure signatures, environmental conditions, regional failure occurrences, user profile issues, and more in the failure analysis process to improve root cause findings.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cfap.t69780204
EISBN: 978-1-62708-281-5
... initiation, the kinetics of craze growth, and the effect of crazing on toughness of the plastic. In addition, the article provides information on various tests to determine stress-to-craze value, strain-to-craze value, and fracture toughness of the plastic. ductile-brittle transitions crazing...
Abstract
This article discusses various factors influencing general polymeric behavior, ductile-brittle transitions, crazing, and the brittle fracture of polymeric materials. The discussion covers the effects of environment on glassy thermoplastic, several parametric descriptions of craze initiation, the kinetics of craze growth, and the effect of crazing on toughness of the plastic. In addition, the article provides information on various tests to determine stress-to-craze value, strain-to-craze value, and fracture toughness of the plastic.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cfap.t69780249
EISBN: 978-1-62708-281-5
.... The comparison can be made either between two different materials at the same testing conditions or for one material at different testing conditions. For example, FCP data for PMMA at 1 Hz and at different testing temperatures were obtained ( Ref 52 ). The data were then statistically fit ( Ref 53 ) to the Paris...
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2017
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.sccmpe2.t55090001
EISBN: 978-1-62708-266-2
.... First, however, the techniques used to measure SCC are reviewed briefly. Stress-corrosion cracking experiments can be categorized as: Tests on statically loaded smooth samples Tests on statically loaded precracked samples Tests using slowly straining samples More detailed information...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the conditions and sequence of events that lead to stress-corrosion cracking (SCC) and the mechanisms by which it progresses. It explains that the stresses involved in SCC are relatively small and, in most cases, work in combination with the development of a surface film. It describes bulk and surface reactions that contribute to SCC, including dissolution, mass transport, absorption, diffusion, and embrittlement, and their role in crack nucleation and growth. It also discusses crack tip chemistry, grain-boundary interactions, and the effect of stress-intensity on crack propagation rates, and describes several mechanical fracture models, including corrosion tunnel, film-induced cleavage, and tarnish rupture models.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 September 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.gmpm.t51250257
EISBN: 978-1-62708-345-4
... the cause of failure. When this happens, gear design calculations and laboratory tests are necessary to develop and confirm a hypothesis for the probable cause. Now it is time to examine all information and determine how the gears failed. As described earlier in this chapter, several failure modes may...
Abstract
Gears can fail in many different ways, and except for an increase in noise level and vibration, there is often no indication of difficulty until total failure occurs. This chapter begins with the classification of gear failure modes, followed by sections discussing the characteristics of various fatigue failures. Then, it provides information on the modes of impact fractures, wear, scuffing, and stress rupture. Next, the chapter describes the causes of gear failures and discusses the processes involved in conducting the failure analysis. Finally, the chapter presents examples of gear failure analysis.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 July 1997
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.wip.t65930071
EISBN: 978-1-62708-359-1
... of the alloying elements niobium, silicon, and carbon on the temperature range of two-phase coexistence of liquid and solid (equilibrium melting/solidification temperature range) and on solidification cracking susceptibility. Solidification cracking susceptibility was measured with the varestraint test, using...
Abstract
The formation of defects in materials that have been fusion welded is a major concern in the design of welded assemblies. This article describes four types of defects that, in particular, have been the focus of much attention because of the magnitude of their impact on product quality. Colloquially, these four defect types are known as hot cracks, heat-affected zone microfissures, cold cracks, and lamellar tearing.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mfadr7.t91110228
EISBN: 978-1-62708-247-1
... to start with detailed knowledge of the circuit, a fault tree analysis, or a hypothesis of the root cause. The only necessary deliverables are the failing DUT, the test that demonstrates the failure, and the voltage, frequency or other bias conditions that modulate the failure. The bias conditions...
Abstract
Diagnosing the root cause of a failure is particularly challenging if the symptom of the failure is not consistently observable. This article focuses on Laser Assisted Device Alteration/Soft Defect Localization (LADA/SDL), a global fault isolation technique, for detecting such failures. The discussion begins with a section describing the three steps in LADA/SDL analysis setup: create the test loop with the fail flag and loop trigger, select the laser dwell time, and select the shmoo bias point. An overview of LADA/SDL workflow is then presented followed by a brief section on time-resolved LADA. The closing pages of the article consider in detail SDL laser interaction physics and LADA laser interaction physics.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 March 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.fdsm.t69870375
EISBN: 978-1-62708-344-7
... W. , A Statistical Distribution of Wide Applicability , J. Appl. Mech. , Vol 18 , 1951 , p 293 – 297 10.1115/1.4010337 A.55 Halford G.R. Lerch B.A. and McGaw M.A. , Fatigue, Creep-Fatigue, and Thermomechanical Fatigue Life Testing , Mechanical Testing...
Abstract
This appendix provides supplemental information on the metallurgical aspects of atomic structure, the use of dislocation theory, heat treatment processes and procedures, important engineering materials and strengthening mechanisms, and the nature of elastic, plastic, and creep strain components. It also provides information on mechanical property and fatigue testing, the use of hysteresis energy to analyze fatigue, a procedure for inverting equations to solve for dependent variables, and a method for dealing with the statistical nature of failure.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2012
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ffub.t53610549
EISBN: 978-1-62708-303-4
... Abstract This chapters discusses the basic steps in the failure analysis process. It covers examination procedures, selection and preservation of fracture surfaces, macro and microfractography, metallographic analysis, mechanical testing, chemical analysis, and simulated service testing...
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 March 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.fdsm.t69870075
EISBN: 978-1-62708-344-7
... is present, this direct relation is altered, but the efficacy of the parameter remains the same. Voluminous test results have been generated to validate the SWT hypothesis. To implement the method it is merely necessary to know the ordinary material characterization according to the Manson-Coffin-Basquin...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the concept of mean stress and explains how it is used in fatigue analysis and design. It begins by examining the stress-strain response of test samples subjected to cyclic forces and strains, noting important features and what they reveal about materials and their fatigue behaviors. It then discusses the challenge of developing hysteresis loops for complex loading patterns and accounting for effects such as ratcheting and stress relaxation. The sections that follow provide a summary of the various ways mean stress is described in the literature and the methods used to calculate or predict its effect on the fatigue life of machine components. The discussion also sheds light on why tensile mean stress is detrimental to both fatigue life and ductility, while compressive mean stress is highly beneficial.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 July 2009
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.fdmht.t52060173
EISBN: 978-1-62708-343-0
... of elasticity 340,000 MPa Comparison of experimental cyclic lives for tests in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="t52060173-f20">Fig. 8.20</xref> with predictions by various methods Table 8.3 Comparison of experimental cyclic lives for tests in Fig. 8.20 with predictions by various methods 1 2 3 4...
Abstract
This chapter provides a detailed review of creep-fatigue analysis techniques, including the 10% rule, strain-range partitioning, several variants of the frequency-modified life equation, damage assessment based on tensile hysteresis energy, the OCTF (oxidation, creep, and thermomechanical fatigue) damage model, and numerous methods that make use of creep-rupture, crack-growth, and void-growth data. It also discusses the use of continuum damage mechanics and includes examples demonstrating the accuracy of each method as well as the procedures involved.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 March 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.fdsm.9781627083447
EISBN: 978-1-62708-344-7
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mmfi.t69540215
EISBN: 978-1-62708-309-6
... presents and discusses some frequently used mode 1 (crack opening mode) stress-intensity factors. Several crack geometries simulate those found in structural/machine parts, or used as laboratory test specimens for fatigue crack growth and fracture testing. 5.1.1 Two-Dimensional Crack For a given...
Abstract
This chapter presents a fracture-mechanics-based approach to damage tolerance, accounting for mechanical, metallurgical, and environmental factors that drive crack development and growth. It begins with a review of stress-intensity factors corresponding to a wide range of crack geometries, specimen configurations, and loading conditions. The discussion covers two- and three-dimensional cracks as well as the use of correction factors and problem-simplification techniques for dealing with nonstandard configurations. The chapter goes on to describe how fatigue loading affects crack growth rates in each of the three stages of progression. Using images, diagrams, and data plots, it reveals how cracks advance in step with successive stress cycles and explains how fatigue crack growth rates can be determined by examining striations on fracture specimens and correlating their widths with stress profiles. It also describes how material-related factors, load history, corrosion, and temperature affect crack growth rates, and discusses the steps involved in life assessment.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mfadr7.t91110067
EISBN: 978-1-62708-247-1
... signature analysis and GHz-SAM. GHz -SAM integrated circuit inspection scanning acoustic microscope semiconductor packages spectral signature analysis Introduction The Scanning Acoustic Microscope (SAM) has been adopted by assembly and test facilities, packaging researchers and integrated...
Abstract
The scanning acoustic microscope (SAM) is an important tool for development of improved molded and flip chip packages. The SAM used for integrated circuit inspection is a hybrid instrument with characteristics of both the Stanford SAM and the C-scan recorder. This chapter presents the historical development of SAM for integrated circuit package inspection, SAM theory, and analysis considerations. Case studies are presented to illustrate the practical applications of SAM. Other non-destructive imaging tools are briefly discussed, as well as SAM challenges and methods including spectral signature analysis and GHz-SAM.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 July 1997
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.wip.t65930141
EISBN: 978-1-62708-359-1
... of the structural details listed in Table 2 is reanalyzed and restricted to data for R = 0 tests and data for steels having yield strength less than 50 ksi (345 MPa). In several instances, the AISC classification of the joint was altered by this procedure. Comparison of fatigue data for structural details...
Abstract
This article is intended to help engineers understand why the fatigue behavior of weldments can be such a confusing and seemingly contradictory topic and hopefully to clarify this complex subject. It first reexamines the factors influencing the fatigue behavior of an individual weldment using extensive experimental data and a computer model that simulates the fatigue resistance of weldments. Next, the process of fatigue in weldments is discussed in general terms, and the service conditions that favor long crack growth and the conditions that favor crack nucleation are contrasted. The article then presents experimental data that show the effect of weldment geometry on fatigue resistance. Several useful geometry classification systems are compared. Finally, a computer model is employed to investigate the behavior of two hypothetical weldments: a discontinuity-containing ("Nominal") weldment and a discontinuity-free ("Ideal") weldment.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 1983
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mlt.9781627083485
EISBN: 978-1-62708-348-5
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ex2.t69980195
EISBN: 978-1-62708-342-3
... increasing mean compressive stress p measured by the increase in the reduction in area at fracture φ in tensile tests at room temperature The extensive variations in the extrusion process enable a wide spectrum of materials to be extruded. After rolling, extrusion can be considered to be the most...
Abstract
Compared with other deformation processes used to produce semifinished products, the hot-working extrusion process has the advantage of applying pure compressive forces in all three force directions, enhancing workability. The available variations in the extrusion process enable a wide spectrum of materials to be extruded. This chapter focuses on the processes involved in the extrusion of semifinished products in various metals and their alloys, namely tin, lead, lead-base soft solders, tin-base soft solders, zinc, magnesium, aluminum, copper, titanium, zirconium, iron, nickel, and powder metals. It discusses their properties and applications as well as suitable equipment for extrusion. It further discusses the processes involved in the extrusion of semifinished products in exotic alloys and extrusion of semifinished products from metallic composite materials.