Search Results for static hardness testing methods

This chapter describes the procedures, characteristics, and applications for static hardness test methods. It addresses test methods that are state of the art, commonly used, or that may find increased use due to certain advantages. The methods addressed are Rockwell hardness testing (ISO 6508 and ASTM E 18), Vickers hardness testing (ISO 6507, ASTM E92, and ASTM E384), Brinell hardness testing (ISO 6506 and ASTM E10), and Knoop hardness testing (ISO 4545 and ASTM E284). The chapter also discusses the advantages and disadvantages of these test methods.

In dynamic hardness tests, the test force is applied to the defined indenter in an accelerated way (with a high application rate). Dynamic test methods relate hardness to the elastic response of a material, whereas the classical static indentation tests determine hardness in terms of plastic behavior. This chapter describes the most important and widespread dynamic hardness testing methods. These tests fall into two categories: methods in which the deformation is measured and methods in which the energy is measured. Methods that measure deformation include the Poldi hammer method, the shearing force method, the Baumann hammer method, and the Dynatest method. Methods that measure energy include the Shore method, the Leeb method, and the Nitronic method. The chapter concludes with a discussion of applications of dynamic hardness testing.

This chapter discusses the various factors influencing the evaluation of fatigue fracture of nitrided layers. It begins by describing the problems of enhancing the fatigue resistance of machine components. The significance and detailed assessment of the effect of a structural flaw are then explained, using investigations of the effect of variable core conditions on fatigue resistance as an example. This is followed by a discussion on the processes involved in the evaluation of fatigue properties of nitrided steels. The chapter also describes the determination of the fatigue characteristics of nitrided steels after the carbonitriding treatment.

This chapter introduces the basic concepts of mechanical design and its general relation with the properties derived from tensile testing. It begins with a description of the basic objective of product design. Next, a simple tie bar is used to illustrate the application of mechanical property data to material selection and design and to highlight the general implications for mechanical testing. Material subjected to the basic stress conditions is considered to establish design approaches and mechanical test methods, first in static loading and then in dynamic loading and aggressive environments. The chapter then briefly describes design criteria for some basic property combinations such as strength, weight, and costs as well as stiffness in tension. Additionally, it describes the processes involved in mechanical testing for stress at failure and elastic modulus. Finally, the chapter examines the correlation between hardness and strength.

This article focuses on friction and wear as they relate to polymeric materials, covering friction and wear applications for polymeric materials. The discussion covers the causes and mechanisms of friction, wear, and lubrication; different test methods developed to simulate friction and wear mechanisms; and friction and wear test data used for polymeric materials.

This chapter discusses the history of hardness testing and defines the term hardness. It describes the interrelationship between material structure and hardness and the relationships between hardness and other mechanical material properties. In addition, information on the hardness unit and traceability of the hardness measurement are provided.

This chapter discusses the operating mechanism, applications, advantages, and limitations of Brinell hardness testing, Rockwell hardness testing, Vickers hardness testing, Scleroscope hardness testing, and microhardness testing. In addition, the general precautions and selection criteria to be considered are described and details of equipment setup provided.

This chapter discusses the basic principles of friction and the factors that must be considered when determining its effect on moving bodies in contact. It provides an extensive amount of friction data, including static and kinetic friction coefficients for numerous combinations of engineering materials and coatings. It also describes the causes and effects of the most common forms of wear, the conditions under which they occur, the role of lubrication, and wear testing methods.

The inspection of castings normally involves checking for shape and dimensions, coupled with aided and unaided visual inspection for external discontinuities and surface quality. This chapter discusses methods for determining surface quality, internal discontinuities, and dimensional inspection. Casting defects including porosity, oxide films, inclusions, hot tears, metal penetration, and surface defects are reviewed. Liquid penetrant inspection, magnetic particle inspection, eddy current inspection, radiographic inspection, ultrasonic inspection, and leak testing for castings are discussed. The chapter provides information on the procedures involved in the inspection of castings that are limited to visual and dimensional inspections, weight testing, and hardness testing. It also discusses the use of computer equipment in foundry inspection operations.

This article introduces the wafer-level fault localization failure analysis (FA) process flow for an accelerated yield ramp-up of integrated circuits. It discusses the primary design considerations of a fault localization system with an emphasis on complex tester-based applications. The article presents examples that demonstrate the benefits of the enhanced wafer-level FA process. It also introduces the setup of the wafer-level fault localization system. The application of the wafer-level FA process on a 22 nm technology device failing memory test is studied and some common design limitations and their implications are discussed. The article presents a case study and finally introduces a different value-add application flow capitalizing on the wafer-level fault localization system.

This chapter discusses the characteristics, advantages, and disadvantages of nondestructive hardness testing methods for metals, including electromagnetic impulse testing, photothermal testing, scratch hardness testing, and ultrasonic contact impedance testing. It also discusses the use of ultrasound to determine the depth of hardening in a metal or alloy. The chapter reviews methods used to check and calibrate hardness testing machines and indenters and the use of hardness reference blocks for verification and calibration of test machines. It also addresses conversion of hardness values determined by one method to equivalent values for a different method.

This chapter explains how metallography and hardness testing are used to evaluate the quality and condition of metal products. It also discusses the use of tensile testing, fracture toughness and impact testing, fatigue testing, and nondestructive test methods including ultrasonic, x-ray, and eddy current testing.

This chapter provides an overview of the various inspection methods used with metals and alloys, namely visual inspection, coordinate measuring machines, machine vision, hardness testing, tensile testing, chemical analysis, metallography, and nondestructive testing. The nondestructive testing methods discussed are liquid penetrant inspection, magnetic particle inspection, eddy current inspection, radiographic inspection, and ultrasonic testing.

This chapter reviews the tests and procedures used for measuring hardness of plastics and elastomers. The conventional testing methods (Rockwell, Vickers, Brinell, and Knoop) used for testing of metals are based on the idea that hardness represents the resistance against permanent plastic deformation of the material to be tested. However, elastic deformation must be considered in hardness measurement of elastomers. This chapter discusses the equipment and processes involved in the durometer (Shore) test, the International Rubber Hardness Degree test, and other specialized tests. It presents the criteria that can be used to select a suitable hardness testing method for elastomers or plastics and describes processes involved in specimen preparation and equipment calibration.

Hardness tests provide valuable information about the quality of materials and how they are likely to perform in different types of service. This chapter covers some of the most widely used hardness testing methods, including Vickers, Rockwell, and Brinell tests, Shore scleroscope and Equotip hardness tests, and microindentation tests. It describes the equipment and procedures used, discusses the factors that influence accuracy, and provides hardness conversion equations for different types of materials. It also explains how hardness testing sheds light on anisotropy, machinability, wear, fracture toughness, and tensile strength as well as temperature effects, residual stress, and quality control.

This chapter discusses the processes and procedures involved in tribotesting, the significance of test parameters and conditions, and practical considerations including test metrics and measurements and the interpretation of wear damage. It also describes the different types of erosion tests in use and common approaches for adhesive wear and abrasion testing.

Induction heat treating is used in a wide range of applications. Typical uses, as described in this chapter, include the surface hardening of many types of shafts as well as gears and sprockets and the through-hardening of gripping teeth, cutting edges, and impact zones incorporated into various types of tools and track pins manufactured for off-highway equipment.

This chapter discusses the general principles of measuring hardness and hardenability of steel. The discussion begins by defining hardness and exploring the history of hardness testing. This is followed by a discussion on the principles, applications, advantages, and disadvantages of commonly used hardness testing systems: the Brinell, Rockwell, Vickers, Scleroscope, and various microhardness testers that employ Vickers or Knoop indenters. The effect of carbon content on annealed steels and hardened steels is then discussed. A brief discussion on the concept of the ideal critical diameter and austenitic grain size of steels is also provided to understand how one can calculate and quantify hardenability. The processes involved in various methods for evaluating hardenability are reviewed, discussing the effect of alloying elements on hardenability.

This chapter focuses on tensile testing of three types of engineering components that undergo significant loading in tension, namely, threaded fasteners and bolted joints; adhesive joints; and welded joints. It describes the standardized tensile test for externally threaded fasteners and provides a brief background on relationships among torque, angle-of-turn, tension, and friction. The chapter also describes the test methods covered in the ASTM F 606M standard, namely, product hardness; proof load by length measurement, yield strength, or uniform hardness; axial tension testing of full-sized products; wedge tension testing of full-sized products; tension testing of machined test specimens; and total extension at fracture testing. Finally, the chapter covers tensile testing of adhesive and welded joints.