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Book Chapter
Molding Flasks and Molding Machines
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 November 2023
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ceeg.t59370059
EISBN: 978-1-62708-447-5
... in this chapter. Fig. 4.6 Classification of green sand molding machines Molding machines differ in one or more of these distinguishing characteristics: Sand compacting method—jolting, squeezing Pattern stripping method—pattern or mold movement up or down for separation of patterns and molds...
Abstract
Molding flasks and other supplementary equipment are essential for molding complex shapes at competitive production rates and costs. This chapter addresses the design aspects of molding flasks and accessories, the features and handling accessories of molding machines, core making machines and innovations for productivity and quality, and automated core-setting aids.
Book Chapter
Corrosion Inhibitors for Oil and Gas Production
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cpi2.t55030200
EISBN: 978-1-62708-282-2
... the inhibitor solution with an inert gas, such as nitrogen; nitrogen is less likely than water or hydrocarbon to stop the flow of the well. Squeeze Treating Successful squeeze treatments were first reported in 1955 in the Placido Field of Victoria County, TX ( Ref 30 , 31 ). Since that time, the method...
Abstract
This chapter provides a detailed account of corrosion inhibitors for oil and gas production. It begins by discussing some of the demands of competitive industry on inhibitor formulations. It then describes the varying characteristics of oil wells, gas wells, water injection systems, and pipelines. The following sections provide information on the factors influencing corrosivity of produced fluids and the methods of inhibitor application. The chapter discusses the primary causes of corrosion problems and inhibition in waterfloods and provides an overview of bacteria-induced corrosion. Various laboratory testing methods of corrosion inhibitors and the methods used to monitor corrosion rates and inhibitor effectiveness are also presented. The chapter ends by providing information on quality control of inhibitors and computerization of inhibitor treating programs.
Book Chapter
Overview of Casting Processes
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.aceg.t68410029
EISBN: 978-1-62708-280-8
... also include gravity permanent molding, low-pressure permanent molding, counter pressure, squeeze casting, investment casting, rapid prototype casting, cast forge hybrid, and semisolid metal processes. green sand casting no-bake molding vacuum molding evaporative foam casting gravity...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the advantages, limitations, and applications of various aluminum casting processes, namely green sand casting process, air set or no-bake molding process, vacuum molding process, evaporative foam casting process, and die casting process. The processes covered also include gravity permanent molding, low-pressure permanent molding, counter pressure, squeeze casting, investment casting, rapid prototype casting, cast forge hybrid, and semisolid metal processes.
Book Chapter
Thermoplastic Composite Fabrication Processes
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2010
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.scm.t52870183
EISBN: 978-1-62708-314-0
.... There are four primary resin flow phenomena that must be dealt with when consolidating and forming thermoplastic composite parts ( Fig. 6.8 ): (1) resin percolation, (2) transverse squeeze flow, (3) interply slip, and (4) intraply slip. Resin percolation and transverse squeeze flow normally occur during...
Abstract
This chapter discusses thermoplastic composite fabrication processes and related equipment and procedures. The discussion covers consolidation and thermoforming operations as well as joining methods.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.aceg.9781627082808
EISBN: 978-1-62708-280-8
Book Chapter
Corrosion in Petroleum Production Operations
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cpi2.t55030247
EISBN: 978-1-62708-282-2
... Abstract This chapter discusses the particular corrosion problems encountered and the methods of control used in petroleum production and the storage and transportation of oil and gas up to the refinery. It begins by describing those aspects of corrosion that tend to be unique to corrosion...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the particular corrosion problems encountered and the methods of control used in petroleum production and the storage and transportation of oil and gas up to the refinery. It begins by describing those aspects of corrosion that tend to be unique to corrosion as encountered in applications involving oil and gas exploration and production. This is followed by a section reviewing the methods of corrosion control, namely the proper selection of materials, protective coatings, cathodic protection systems, use of inhibitors, use of nonmetallic materials, and control of the environment. The chapter ends with a discussion on the problems encountered and protective measures that are based on the state-of-the-art as practiced daily by corrosion and petroleum engineers and production personnel.
Book Chapter
Casting
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mfub.t53740047
EISBN: 978-1-62708-308-9
... , which is the most commonly used casting method. Fig. 1 Simplified flow diagram of the basic operations for producing a steel casting. Similar diagrams can be applied to other ferrous and nonferrous alloys produced by sand molding. Source: Ref 1 The right side of Fig. 1 begins...
Abstract
This chapter covers the practices and procedures used for shape casting metals and alloys. It begins with a review of the factors that influence solidification and contribute to the formation of casting defects. It then describes basic melting methods, including induction, cupola, crucible, and vacuum melting, and common casting techniques such as sand casting, plaster and shell casting, evaporative pattern casting, investment casting, permanent mold casting, cold and hot chamber die casting, squeeze casting, semisolid metal processing, and centrifugal casting.
Book Chapter
Engineering Die Castings
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.aceg.t68410103
EISBN: 978-1-62708-280-8
... into the critical surfaces to avoid the potential for metal flow lines. While choosing gating at parting plane, avoid gate metal impingement on the die steel or a metal core. This is to minimize heat checking and poor metal flow pattern. Providing adequate parting plane periphery, to allow space for the gates...
Abstract
The die casting process is a widely applied technique used by a variety of industries. This chapter reviews the casting design and engineering requirements for optimizing the characteristics of die castings.
Book Chapter
Casting and Molding Processes
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1995
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.sch6.t68200173
EISBN: 978-1-62708-354-6
.... The disadvantages: The use of these processes is limited to specialized types of castings. Large quantities of a casting are required. Squeeze casting is a method where molten metal is metered into a permanent mold die cavity where the metal solidifies as pressure is applied to it. Significantly less...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the following conventional molding processes for static casting: green sand molding, dry sand molding, vacuum molding, and expendable pattern casting. It also discusses core and mold processes for steel castings. The chapter provides an overview of sand molds for large steel castings and a special sand molding process. It describes the following precision processes for static casting: investment casting, ceramic molding, and centrifugal casting.
Book Chapter
Metal Matrix Composites
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2010
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.scm.t52870537
EISBN: 978-1-62708-314-0
... Abstract This chapter discusses the advantages and disadvantages of metal matrix composites and the methods used to produce them. It begins with a review of the composition and properties of aluminum matrix composites. It then describes discontinuous composite processing methods, including stir...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the advantages and disadvantages of metal matrix composites and the methods used to produce them. It begins with a review of the composition and properties of aluminum matrix composites. It then describes discontinuous composite processing methods, including stir and slurry casting, liquid metal infiltration, spray deposition, powder metallurgy, extrusion, hot rolling, and forging. The chapter also provides information on continuous-fiber aluminum and titanium composites as well as particle-reinforced titanium and fiber metal (glass aluminum) laminates.
Book Chapter
Metal-Matrix Composites
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.emea.t52240607
EISBN: 978-1-62708-251-8
...; YS, yield strength; CTE, coefficient of thermal expansion. Source: Ref 1 33.1.2 Processing DRA Composites Processing methods for MMCs include various casting processes, liquid metal infiltration, spray deposition, and powder metallurgy. Casting is currently the most inexpensive method...
Abstract
Metal-matrix composites (MMCs) work at higher temperatures than their base metal counterparts and can be engineered for improved strength, stiffness, thermal conductivity, abrasion and/or creep resistance, and dimensional stability. This chapter examines the properties, compositions, and performance-cost tradeoffs of common MMCs, including aluminum-matrix composites, titanium-matrix composites, and fiber-metal laminates. It also explains how fiber-reinforced composites and laminates are made, describing both continuous and discontinuous fiber matrix production processes.
Book Chapter
Overview of Molding and Core Making
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2022
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.isceg.t59320011
EISBN: 978-1-62708-332-4
... with the introduction of high-pressure squeeze molding and highly automated high-production molding machines. Human intervention is minimum; labor is required only to set chemically bonded cores or to assist core setting into core fixtures or into core masks. The direction of sand compaction is either vertical...
Abstract
Most iron and steel castings are produced by casting into sand molds. Sand cores are needed primarily to form hollow cavities in castings for collapsibility and ease of cleaning. This chapter begins with an overview of the classification of molding and core-making systems. This is followed by a section discussing the process involved in shell molding, along with its applications. A brief description of the special casting processes is then presented. Next, the chapter discusses the processes involved in core making. Further, it provides an overview of casting manufacturing. Finally, the chapter provides information on the factors that influence a casting facility layout.
Book Chapter
Theory of Lubrication
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2023
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.stmflw.t59390064
EISBN: 978-1-62708-459-8
... viscosity units that have been used. The ratio of viscosity to density is the kinematic viscosity , with units of m 2 /s (also called a Stoke ). Figure 5.1: Fluid flow between two parallel plates. Rheological properties of selected lubricants. Table 5.1: Rheological properties of selected...
Abstract
This chapter reviews the basic theory of lubrication in the context of metal forming applications. It discusses the rheological properties of fluids and their effect on fluid-film thickness at pressures, temperatures, and loading conditions typical of metal working processes. It describes the three lubrication regimes (boundary, mixed, and hydrodynamic) of a Stribeck curve and the forces that maintain surface separation. It also discusses mixed, elastohydrodynamic, plastohydrodynamic, and solid or semi-solid lubrication, the effects of starvation and frictional instabilities, and the role of elastic deflection and ultrasonic vibration.
Book Chapter
Aluminum Casting Processes
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.aacppa.t51140021
EISBN: 978-1-62708-335-5
... were melted and solidified in these cavities. Brass, bronze, tin and zinc artifacts, weapons, and tools were cast as extractive metallurgy developed, and more complex molds of sand and clay mixtures evolved. These methods were duplicated later for other metals including iron and steel...
Abstract
This chapter begins with information on the historical development of aluminum alloy castings. It then covers the basic factors involved in the selection of a casting process. This is followed by sections describing the various categories of casting processes and their variants: expendable mold gravity-feed casting, nonexpendable (permanent) mold gravity feed casting, and pressure die casting. Next, the chapter describes the technologies used to produce premium engineered castings and when such castings may be relevant. The chapter concludes with descriptions of other process technologies used with castings, including metallurgical bonding, metal-matrix composites, and hot isostatic pressing.
Book Chapter
Forging
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2023
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.stmflw.t59390325
EISBN: 978-1-62708-459-8
... of friction on interface pressures, as shown by experiments with artificially roughened anvils and complete sticking. For this reason, flow strength is generally determined using simple upsetting. Test Methods Results from different sources are directly comparable as long as relative specimen...
Abstract
Forging is a deformation process achieved through the application of compressive stresses. During the stroke, pressures and velocities are continuously changing and the initial lubricant supply must suffice for the duration of the operation. Lubricant residues and pickup products also change with time, further complicating the analysis of friction and wear. This chapter provides a qualitative and quantitative overview of the mechanics and tribology of forging in all of its forms. It discusses the effects of friction, pressures, forces, and temperature on the deformation and flow of metals in open-die, closed-die, and impression-die forging and in back extrusion and piercing operations. It presents various ways to achieve fluid-film lubrication in upset forging processes and examines the cause of barreling, defect formation, and folding in the upsetting of cylinders, rings, and slabs. It also explains how to evaluate lubricants, friction, and wear under hot, cold, and warm forging conditions and how to extend die life and reduce defects when processing different materials.
Book Chapter
Forming and Shaping
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ems.t53730139
EISBN: 978-1-62708-283-9
... to a final shape by a shaped punch ( Fig. 13.3 ). Draw beads control how much material from the flange is drawn into the die. Wrinkling of the finished part results if too much material is allowed to flow into the die. It should be emphasized that in stamping processes the sheet is not squeezed between...
Abstract
This chapter describes the processes, applications, and limitations of forming and shaping various materials. It discusses bulk forming, hot working, cold working, sheet forming, and polymer and powder processing.
Book Chapter
Soldering Faults—Inspection of Solder Connections
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 December 2024
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.hisppa.t56110245
EISBN: 978-1-62708-483-3
... lines (or inclusions) Nondestructive evaluation methods comprise visual inspection, dimensional inspection, crack detection, radiographic inspection, ultrasonic inspection, magnetic-particle inspection, pressure and leakage testing, and corrosion testing. Typically, radiographic testing...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the critical soldering faults that lead to quality degradation and potential failure of a soldered connection. It then describes the types of nondestructive evaluations used to inspect soldered and brazed joints, including dimensional and visual inspection, ultrasonic testing, radiographic examination, dye penetrant inspection, and leak testing, including overpressure tests. The chapter also provides an overview of destructive physical analysis.
Book Chapter
Adhesive Bonding
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2010
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.scm.t52870235
EISBN: 978-1-62708-314-0
... starvation exists due to excessive flow and squeeze-out. Viscosity control of two-part adhesives is usually done with metallic and/or nonmetallic fillers. Fumed silica is frequently added to provide slump and flow control. Many adhesives are of the same resin and curing chemistry family. However...
Abstract
This chapter explains how polymeric adhesives are applied to composite as well as metal parts, forming bonded structures. It describes surface preparation practices and techniques, epoxy selection and use, and bonding procedures.
Book Chapter
Deformation Processing
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.emea.t52240279
EISBN: 978-1-62708-251-8
... shaping prior to closed-die forging. Both mechanical and screw presses are used for forging moderate-sized parts of modest shapes and are often used for high-volume production runs. Mechanical and screw presses combine impact with a squeezing action that is more compatible with the flow characteristics...
Abstract
This chapter describes the general characteristics of two commonly classified metalworking processes, namely hot working and cold working. Primary metalworking processes, such as the bulk deformation processes used to conduct the initial breakdown of cast ingots, are always conducted hot. Secondary processes, which are used to produce the final product shape, are conducted either hot or cold. The chapter discusses the primary objectives, principal types, advantages, and disadvantages of both primary and secondary metalworking processes. They are rolling, forging, extrusion, sheet metal forming processes, blanking and piercing, bending, stretch forming, drawing, rubber pad forming, and superplastic forming.
Book Chapter
Design and Selection of Plastics Processing Methods
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cfap.t69780064
EISBN: 978-1-62708-281-5
... are present: high pressure, high speed, and constricted flow areas. The stress level in a part depends on the processing method used. The three major stress-producing components are present in injection molding; thus injection-molded parts usually have a high degree of molded-in stress. Compression...
Abstract
This article describes key processing methods and related design, manufacturing, and application considerations for plastic parts and includes a discussion on materials and process selection methodology for plastics. The discussion covers the primary plastic processing methods and how each process influences part design and the properties of the plastic part. It also includes a brief description of functional requirements in process selection; an overview of various process effects and how they affect the functions and properties of the part; and the selection of processes for size, shape, and design detail factors.
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