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Book Chapter
Intermediate Phases
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 March 2012
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.pdub.t53420171
EISBN: 978-1-62708-310-2
... decomposition intermediate phases order-disorder transformation spinodal transformation structures superlattice structures PHASE DIAGRAMS are often quite complex, with a number of different reactions occurring at different compositions and temperatures. In most cases, the appearance of several...
Abstract
This chapter explains how the presence of intermediate phases affects the melting behavior of binary alloys and the transformations that occur under different rates of cooling. It begins by examining the phase diagrams of magnesium-lead and copper-zinc, noting some of the complexities associated with intermediate phases. It then discusses the difference between ordered and disordered phases and how they are accounted for on phase diagrams. It describes how the atoms in a disordered solution may arrange themselves into an ordered array, forming a superlattice in the process of cooling, and goes on to identify the most common superlattice structures and their corresponding alloy phases. It also discusses the factors that limit the formation of superlattices along with the kinetics of spinodal decomposition and its effect on microstructure development.
Book Chapter
Introduction to Phase Transformations
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.emea.t52240053
EISBN: 978-1-62708-251-8
... Diagrams , Metallography and Microstructures , Vol 9 , ASM Handbook , ASM International , 2004 • Guy A.G. and Hren J.J. , Elements of Physical Metallurgy , 3rd ed. , Addison-Wesley Publishing Company , 1974 • Para S. , Spinodal Transformation Structures...
Abstract
This chapter provides a short introduction to phase transformations, namely, the liquid-to-solid phase transformations that occur during solidification and the solid-to-solid transformations that are important in processing, such as heat treatment. It also introduces the concept of free energy that governs whether or not a phase transformation is possible, and then the kinetic considerations that determine the rate at which transformations take place. The chapter also describes important solid-state transformations such as spinodal decomposition and martensitic transformation.
Book Chapter
Heat Treatment of Nonferrous Alloys
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 October 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mnm2.t53060333
EISBN: 978-1-62708-261-7
... martensite phases have different crystal structures and may not be as hard as the body-centered tetragonal (bct) martensite of steel. However, formation of the martensitic structure in nonferrous systems occurs by the same diffusionless transformation as in ferrous systems—that is, by the rapid and concerted...
Abstract
Nonferrous alloys are heat treated for a variety of reasons. Heat treating can reduce internal stresses, redistribute alloying elements, promote grain formation and growth, produce new phases, and alter surface chemistry. This chapter describes heat treatment processes and how nonferrous alloys respond to them. It provides information on aluminum, cobalt, copper, magnesium, nickel, and titanium alloys and their composition, microstructure, properties, and processing characteristics.
Book Chapter
Heat Treatment of Aluminum and Other Nonferrous Alloys
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 December 2020
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.phtbp.t59310351
EISBN: 978-1-62708-326-3
.... The nonferrous martensite phases have different crystal structures and may not be as hard as the body-centered tetragonal (bct) martensite of steel. However, formation of the martensitic structure in nonferrous systems occurs by the same diffusionless transformation as in ferrous systems—that is, by the rapid...
Abstract
The term heat treatable alloys is used in reference to alloys that can be hardened by heat treatment, and this chapter briefly describes the major types of heat treatable nonferrous alloys. The discussion provides a general description of annealing cold-worked metals and describes some of the common nonferrous alloys that can be hardened through heat treatment. The nonferrous alloys covered include aluminum alloys, cobalt alloys, copper alloys, magnesium alloys, nickel alloys, and titanium alloys.
Book Chapter
Glossary of Practical Heat Treating Terms
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 April 2024
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.phtpp.t59380235
EISBN: 978-1-62708-456-7
..., involving cooling and holding at a temperature below ambient. columnar structure A coarse structure of parallel elongated grains formed by unidirectional growth, most often observed in castings, but sometimes in structures resulting from diffusional growth accompanied by a solid-state transformation...
Abstract
The appendix provides a glossary of practical heat treating terms.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 April 2024
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.phtpp.9781627084567
EISBN: 978-1-62708-456-7
Book Chapter
Thermodynamics of Phase Diagrams
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.tm.t52320091
EISBN: 978-1-62708-357-7
...] Obtain an approximation that expresses a mutual solubility when A and B have different crystal structures. [Answer] When free energy of α phase and β phase are approximated by the regular solution model, the equilibrium equations of both phases are expressed as (see Eq 3.43 ): (Eq 4.28...
Abstract
This chapter explains the significance of the phase diagram and its use in the development of new materials. The chapter describes the basic rules of heterogeneous equilibrium, presents a comparison between liquidus line and solidus line, and provides information on the solubility curve and the binodal curve.
Book Chapter
Nonequilibrium Reactions Precipitation Hardening
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 March 2012
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.pdub.t53420339
EISBN: 978-1-62708-310-2
... reactions are shown in Fig. 16.1 . The reaction occurs when the initial phase composition (e.g., α 0 , β 0 , or I 0 ) transforms into a two-phase product that includes a new phase, or precipitate. The precipitate phase may differ in crystal structure, composition, and/or degree of long-range order from...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the basic principles of precipitation hardening, an important strengthening mechanism in nonferrous alloys as well as stainless steel. It begins with a detailed review of the theory of precipitation hardening, then describes its application to aluminum alloys and nickel-base superalloys.
Book Chapter
Introduction—An Overview of Microstructure in Materials
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.tm.t52320001
EISBN: 978-1-62708-357-7
... describe it in terms of its crystal structure, the binding forces between the atoms, and so on, imagining a diamond or fullerene structure ( Fig. 1.1a ). Engineers or researchers who are more concerned with applications of carbon may discuss it in terms of the strength of its microstructure, imaging...
Abstract
This chapter explains the distinction between materials and matter through the concept of microstructure. It presents the history of matter science and the establishment of metallography. The chapter provides an overview of the progress of steel technology, progress in synthetic polymers and ceramics, and establishment and development of materials science.
Book Chapter
Glossary
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 March 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mgppis.t60400245
EISBN: 978-1-62708-258-7
... and above that for martensite formation until transformation to an essentially bainitic structure is complete. austenite. Generally, a solid solution of one or more alloying elements in a face-centered cubic polymorph of iron (gamma iron). Speci cally, in carbon steels, the interstitial solid solution...
Abstract
This chapter presents definitions of terms related to the metallurgy and metallographic study of irons and steels.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 March 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mgppis.9781627082587
EISBN: 978-1-62708-258-7
Book Chapter
Thermodynamics of Diffusion
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.tm.t52320167
EISBN: 978-1-62708-357-7
... ( Fig. 6.1 ). Fig. 6.1 Brownian motion and diffusion. Both are transport phenomena according to thermal vibration of atoms or molecules. Most of the microscopic structures of materials are formed by “diffusion.” Therefore, it is no exaggeration to say that phase diagrams are equivalent...
Abstract
This chapter provides a detailed discussion on the Brownian motion, diffusion coefficient , and Fick's diffusion laws. It presents a review of solid phase diffusion and discusses the mechanism of diffusion and diffusion coefficient.
Book Chapter
Stainless Steels
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.spsp2.t54410579
EISBN: 978-1-62708-265-5
.... Figure 23.1 shows the iron-chromium equilibrium phase diagram. As in the iron-carbon system, the allotropic forms of iron constitute the iron end of the diagram. Chromium is an element that stabilizes the body-centered cubic (bcc) ferrite structure of iron; therefore, with increasing chromium content...
Abstract
Stainless steels derive their name from their exceptional corrosion resistance, which is attributed to their finely tuned compositions. This chapter discusses the alloying elements used in stainless steels and the some of the processing challenges they present. One of the biggest challenges is that stainless steels cannot be hardened by heat treatment. As a result, they are highly sensitive to processing-induced defects and the formation of detrimental phases. The chapter explains how alloy design, phase equilibria, microstructure, and thermomechanical processing can be concurrently optimized to produce high-quality austenitic, ferritic, and duplex stainless steels.
Book Chapter
Diffusion
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.emea.t52240063
EISBN: 978-1-62708-251-8
... of the system is reduced, such as in the case for spinodal decomposition, which was covered in Chapter 4, “Introduction to Phase Transformations,” in this book. What is important is that the free energy of the system is reduced during diffusion. Fig. 5.1 Free-energy changes during diffusion...
Abstract
Diffusion is the movement of atoms through the crystalline lattice. This chapter discusses the two main types of diffusion that can occur in solids: interstitial diffusion and substitutional diffusion. It describes Fick's first and second laws of diffusion, with emphasis on several applications of the latter. The chapter also provides information on the temperature dependence of diffusion, intrinsic diffusion coefficients (Kirkendall effect), and high diffusion paths.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.tm.9781627083577
EISBN: 978-1-62708-357-7
Book Chapter
Ferritic Stainless Steels
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ssde.t52310109
EISBN: 978-1-62708-286-0
... These alloys were only ferritic at room temperature if they were given a subcritical anneal to transform austenite to ferrite. Otherwise, at room temperature they would be ferrite plus martensite. There are alloys that are intended to use a mixed ferrite/martensite structure, but they are treated later...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the alloy composition, metallurgy, mechanical behavior, stabilization, texture, anisotropy, high-temperature properties, and corrosion and oxidation resistance of ferritic stainless steels.
Book Chapter
Heat Treatment of Stainless Steels
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 December 2020
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.phtbp.t59310233
EISBN: 978-1-62708-326-3
...), pure iron changes from a ferritic body-centered cubic (bcc) structure (α) to an austenitic face-centered cubic (fcc) structure (γ). As chromium content increases, the ferrite-to-austenite transformation temperature at first drops slightly, but at approximately 7% Cr, it increases rapidly and completes...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the composition and classification of stainless steels and focuses on the processes involved in heat treatment and applications of these steels. The wrought and the cast stainless steels covered are ferritic, austenitic, duplex (ferritic-austenitic), martensitic, and precipitation-hardening. In addition, information on special considerations for stainless steel castings is also provided. The heat treatment processes explained in the chapter are preheating, annealing, stress relieving, hardening, tempering, austenite conditioning, heat aging, and nitride surface hardening. Finally, some special considerations for stainless steel castings are discussed.
Book Chapter
Properties of Stainless Steel Welds
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 July 1997
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.wip.t65930249
EISBN: 978-1-62708-359-1
... that maximum transformation to martensite occurs. If this has not happened, then subsequent post-weld heat treatment (PWHT) immediately after welding may be ineffective, for two reasons. First, the partially austenitic structure will retain hydrogen, which can lead to hydrogen cracking problems upon eventual...
Abstract
Stainless steel base metals and the welding filler metals used with them are chosen on the basis of suitable corrosion resistance for the intended application. This article describes several constitution diagrams that that have been developed to predict microstructures and properties. This is followed by discussions of weldability, cracking, and the engineering properties of stainless steel welds, namely martensitic stainless steels, ferritic stainless steel welds, austenitic stainless steels, and duplex stainless steels.
Book Chapter
Duplex Stainless Steels
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ssde.t52310091
EISBN: 978-1-62708-286-0
... to localized corrosion is compromised also. Fig. 8 Kinetics of ( formation Figure 9 shows the TTT (time-temperature-transformation) diagram for various high-alloy stainless steel, including austenitic, ferritic, and duplex. Alloys of all structures, ferritic, austenitic, and duplex, with high...
Abstract
This chapter provides information on the structure, design aspects, mechanical properties, forming, machining, and corrosion resistance characteristics of duplex stainless steels. The different types of corrosion covered are general corrosion, pitting corrosion, crevice corrosion, and stress corrosion cracking.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ssde.9781627082860
EISBN: 978-1-62708-286-0
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