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solution heat treatment
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Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.aacppa.t51140061
EISBN: 978-1-62708-335-5
... in solution heat treatment, quenching, precipitation hardening, and annealing of aluminum alloys. The effects of these processes on dimensional stability and residual stresses are also discussed. Troubleshooting and diagnosis of heat treating problems are covered in the concluding section of the chapter...
Abstract
The metallurgy of aluminum and its alloys offers a range of opportunities for employing heat treatments to obtain desirable combinations of mechanical and physical properties such that castings meet defined temper requirements. This chapter discusses the processes involved in solution heat treatment, quenching, precipitation hardening, and annealing of aluminum alloys. The effects of these processes on dimensional stability and residual stresses are also discussed. Troubleshooting and diagnosis of heat treating problems are covered in the concluding section of the chapter.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 March 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.stg2.t61280135
EISBN: 978-1-62708-267-9
... reasons such changes are required. It describes several types of treatments, including stress relieving, in-process annealing, full annealing, solution annealing, coating diffusion, and precipitation hardening. It discusses the temperatures, holding times, and heating and cooling rates necessary...
Abstract
All superalloys, whether precipitation hardened or not, are heated at some point in their production for a subsequent processing step or, as needed, to alter their microstructure. This chapter discusses the changes that occur in superalloys during heat treatment and the many reasons such changes are required. It describes several types of treatments, including stress relieving, in-process annealing, full annealing, solution annealing, coating diffusion, and precipitation hardening. It discusses the temperatures, holding times, and heating and cooling rates necessary to achieve the desired objectives of quenching, annealing, and aging along with the associated risks of surface damage caused by oxidation, carbon pickup, alloy depletion, intergranular attack, and environmental contaminants. It also discusses heat treatment atmospheres, furnace and fixturing requirements, and practical considerations, including heating and cooling rates for wrought and cast superalloys and combined treatments such as solution annealing and vacuum brazing.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.emea.t52240135
EISBN: 978-1-62708-251-8
..., which takes place during heat treatment; and true dispersion hardening, which can be achieved by mechanical alloying and powder metallurgy consolidation. It provides information on the three steps of precipitation hardening of aluminum alloys: solution heat treating, rapid quenching, and aging...
Abstract
Precipitation hardening is used extensively to strengthen aluminum alloys, magnesium alloys, nickel-base superalloys, beryllium-copper alloys, and precipitation-hardening stainless steels. This chapter discusses two types of particle strengthening: precipitation hardening, which takes place during heat treatment; and true dispersion hardening, which can be achieved by mechanical alloying and powder metallurgy consolidation. It provides information on the three steps of precipitation hardening of aluminum alloys: solution heat treating, rapid quenching, and aging.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 1999
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.caaa.t67870265
EISBN: 978-1-62708-299-0
... digits. W, Solution Heat Treated This is an unstable temper applicable only to alloys whose strength naturally (spontaneously) changes at room temperature over a duration of months or even years after solution heat treatment. The designation is specific only when the period of natural aging...
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 March 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.aet.t68260187
EISBN: 978-1-62708-336-2
... , CuAl 2 , CuMgAl 2 Source: Ref 12 Typical heat treatment practices of various harder alloys Table 5 Typical heat treatment practices of various harder alloys Alloy Solution heat treatment Precipitation heat treatment Temperature Temper Temperature Time, h Temper °F °C...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the extrusion characteristics of hard aluminum alloys, particularly those in the 5000 and 7000 series. It begins with a review of two studies, one showing how the extrudability of 7 xxx alloys varies with the presence and amount of different alloying elements, the other relating minimum wall thickness with circumscribing circle diameter. It then explains how oxides on either the billet or container complicate the control of extrusion as well as auxiliary processes and how material flow and the movement of trapped gasses in different regions of the extrusion can lead to defects and variations in strength. It also discusses the extrusion of aluminum matrix composites and explains how composite billets are made.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.aacppa.t51140133
EISBN: 978-1-62708-335-5
... to D1.49 ). Properties were measured after holding specimens at room temperature for various times after casting (F temper) or after solution heat treatment (T4 temper). Artificial or “high-temperature” aging response curves ( Fig. D1.50 to D1.111 ). Properties were measured after holding specimens...
Abstract
This data set presents aging response curves for a wide range of aluminum casting alloys. The aging response curves are of two types: room-temperature, or "natural," curves and artificial, or "high-temperature," curves. The curves in each group are presented in the numeric sequence of the casting alloy designation. The curves included are the results of measurements on individual lots considered representative of the respective alloys and tempers. The properties considered are yield strength, ultimate tensile strength, elongation, and Brinell hardness.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 March 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.aet.t68260213
EISBN: 978-1-62708-336-2
... solution heat treatment. Because there is a wide application of harder alloys, especially in the aircraft industry, material is required to be produced in different hardening tempers. A flow diagram of the heat treatment variables is shown in Fig. 10 . A flow diagram of the annealing process variables...
Abstract
This chapter provides guidelines on how to set up and run an effective quality-improvement program for aluminum extrusion operations. It begins by identifying production processes and variables that impact the quality of hard and soft alloy extrusions. It then presents a series of checklists and flowcharts that can be used to monitor and troubleshoot billet-making and extrusion processes, die construction, equipment maintenance, heat treating, and sawing and stretching procedures. It also discusses the importance of charting test results and monitoring surface treatments that may be required to improve corrosion, oxidation, or wear resistance.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2017
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.sccmpe2.t55090349
EISBN: 978-1-62708-266-2
.... , April 1985 , p 56 – 58 15.16 Hughes N.R. , “ Qualification of Solution Heat Treatment, Corrosion Resistant Clad and Heat Sink Welding ,” EPRI WS-79-174, Electric Power Research Institute, May 1980 15.17 Alexander J.E. , “ Alternate Piping Alloy Qualification ,” EPRI WS-79...
Abstract
This chapter examines the stress-corrosion cracking (SCC) failure of stainless steel pipe welds in boiling water reactor (BWR) service. It explains where most of the failures have occurred and provides relevant details about the materials of construction, fabrication techniques, environmental factors, and cracking characteristics. It includes a model that accounts for the primary factors involved in intergranular SCC, namely, tensile stresses above the yield stress of the base material, a sensitized microstructure, and reactor cooling water. The chapter also provides proven remedies and mitigation techniques corresponding to a wide range of issues related to stress, sensitization, and operating conditions.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1996
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.phtpclas.t64560365
EISBN: 978-1-62708-353-9
.... The chapter also contains solutions for calculation of Jominy curves and determination of minimum hardness of quenched steels, tempered hardness, ideal critical diameter, severity of quench, heat treatment, and effect of tempering during heat-up to tempering temperature. References References 1...
Abstract
This chapter contains problems that illustrate the calculation or determination of such items as ideal critical diameter, the Jominy curve, and the severity of quench by methods. It presents solutions for the calculation of the effect of prior austenite grain size, carbon content, chromium content, and molybdenum content on ideal critical diameter. The chapter also contains solutions for calculation of Jominy curves and determination of minimum hardness of quenched steels, tempered hardness, ideal critical diameter, severity of quench, heat treatment, and effect of tempering during heat-up to tempering temperature.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 March 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.aet.t68260149
EISBN: 978-1-62708-336-2
..., be necessary to effect full solutionizing. Furnace solution heat treatment usually incorporates a controlled-volume, full-immersion water (or glycol solution) quench. The separate heat treatment can be done in two different types of furnaces: A polymer glycol solution may be used as an alternating quench...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the extrusion characteristics of relatively soft aluminum alloys. It begins by identifying alloy designations within the class and the types of extrusions made from them. It then explains how extruded shapes and cross-sections are defined and how to analyze and assess important process variables such as runout, extrusion pressure, ram speed, and butt thickness. It also provides best practices for various operations and explains how to identify and remedy common extrusion defects.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 March 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.stg2.t61280149
EISBN: 978-1-62708-267-9
... superalloys Fig. 9.6 Minipatch welding tests on U-700 nickel-base superalloy showing the benefit of overaging on postweld heat treatment cracking, (left) solution heat treated, (right) overage heat treated Fig. 9.8 Effect of heating rate on the cracking tendency of Rene 41 nickel-base...
Abstract
Superalloys, except those with high aluminum and titanium contents, are welded with little difficulty. They can also be successfully brazed. This chapter describes the welding and brazing processes most often used and the factors that must be considered when making application decisions. It discusses the basic concepts of fusion welding and the differences between solid-solution-hardened and precipitation-hardened wrought superalloys. It addresses joint integrity, design, weld-related cracking, and the effect of grain size, precipitates, and contaminants. It covers common fusion welding techniques, defect prevention, fixturing, heat treatments, and general practices, including the use of filler metals. It also discusses several solid-state welding methods, superplastic forming, and transient liquid phase bonding, a type of diffusion welding process. The chapter includes extensive information on brazing processes, atmospheres, filler metals, and surface preparation procedures. It also includes examples of nickel-base welded components for aerospace use.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.aacppa.t51140175
EISBN: 978-1-62708-335-5
... growth of aluminum alloy 355.0-T4 under various conditions of solution heat treatment and quench: Curve 1, cold water quench, aging at 400 °F. Curve 2, cold water quench, aging at 450 °F. Curve 3, boiling water quench, aging at 400 °F. Curve 4, cold water quench, aging at 500 °F. Curve 5, boiling water...
Abstract
This data set contains approximately 50 growth curves for a wide range of aluminum casting alloys at various temperatures. Growth curves are used to determine the dimensional changes that must be anticipated during service in applications where close dimensional tolerances are required. Hardness curves are provided for many of the alloys. The hardness values are from corresponding aging response studies in which measurements were made on individual lots considered representative of the respective alloys and tempers.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.aacppa.t51140055
EISBN: 978-1-62708-335-5
... specification requirements. The HIP cycle could be used in solution heat treatment. Processing costs and the incompatibility of cycles in which solution heat treatment requires up to six times that required for densification makes that impractical, but parts could be partially solution heat treated...
Abstract
Hot isostatic pressing (HIP) is a process refinement available to address internal porosity in castings. The HIP process may be used, in particular, for applications requiring very high quality and performance. This chapter discusses the principles, advantages, and disadvantages of HIP. It describes the effect of HIP on tensile properties and on the fatigue performance of aluminum alloy castings. In addition, the chapter discusses the processes involved in radiographic inspection of HIP-processed castings.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2017
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.sccmpe2.t55090241
EISBN: 978-1-62708-266-2
... solution, particularly for more highly alloyed compositions, depend highly on fabrication and thermal processing so that heat treatment and other processing variables influence the final electrode potential of the product. Tables 8.4 to 8.7 present representative solution potentials of commercial...
Abstract
Aluminum is protected by a barrier oxide film that, if damaged, reforms immediately in most environments. Despite this inherent corrosion resistance, there are conditions where aluminum alloys, like many materials, are subject to the effects of stress-corrosion cracking (SCC). This chapter describes those conditions, focusing initially on the effects of alloying elements and temper on solution potential and how it compares to other metals. It then addresses the issue of intergranular corrosion and its role in SCC. It explains how factors such as stress loads, grain structure, and environment determine whether or not stress-corrosion cracking develops in a susceptible alloy. It also provides stress-corrosion ratings for many alloys, tempers, and product forms and includes information on hydrogen-induced cracking.
Book: Corrosion of Weldments
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cw.t51820177
EISBN: 978-1-62708-339-3
... are delivered in the “sensitized” condition (for a discussion of sensitization of stainless steels, see Chapter 3, “Corrosion of Austenitic Stainless Steel Weldments” in this book). For plate-rolled and seam-welded pipes, solution heat treatment following welding removes the weld sensitization, including any...
Abstract
This chapter reviews weld corrosion in three key application areas: petroleum refining and petrochemical operations, boiling water reactor piping systems, and components used in pulp and paper plants. The discussion of each area addresses general design and service characteristics, types of weld corrosion issues, and prevention or mitigation strategies.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2017
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.sccmpe2.t55090221
EISBN: 978-1-62708-266-2
..., microstructure, heat treatment, cold working, and stress intensity. It also provides information on stress-corrosion testing, mitigation techniques, and basic cracking mechanisms. cold working copper alloys stress-corrosion cracking stress-corrosion test THE PHENOMENON of stress-corrosion cracking...
Abstract
This chapter describes the conditions under which copper-base alloys are susceptible to stress-corrosion cracking (SCC) and some of the environmental factors, such as temperature, pH, and corrosion potential, that influence crack growth and time to failure. It explains that, although most of the literature has been concerned with copper zinc alloys in ammoniacal solutions, there are a number of alloy-environment combinations where SCC has been observed. The chapter discusses several of these cases and the effect of various application parameters, including composition, microstructure, heat treatment, cold working, and stress intensity. It also provides information on stress-corrosion testing, mitigation techniques, and basic cracking mechanisms.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cpi2.t55030070
EISBN: 978-1-62708-282-2
... as the iron-bearing constituent particles) S-phase (Al 2 CuMg) particles. Although these particles are thermodynamically soluble during solution heat treatment, the kinetics are insufficient for complete dissolution. Hence, the particles are present even after solution heat treatments, such as for T3 and T4...
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2010
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.sap.t53000025
EISBN: 978-1-62708-313-3
... primary purposes in superalloys: To homogenize the alloy (homogenization heat treatment) To dissolve the precipitate in precipitation-hardened alloys (solution heat treatment) To precipitate secondary phases in a controlled fashion (aging or precipitation heat treatment) Other functions...
Abstract
The microstructure of superalloys is highly complex, with a large number of dispersed intermetallics and other phases that modify alloy behavior through their composition, morphology, and distribution. This chapter provides an overview of the most notable phases, including the matrix phase and geometrically and topologically close-packed phases, and describes how superalloy microstructure can be modified via heat treatments and directional solidification. It also discusses the role of carbides, borides, oxides, and nitrides and the detrimental effects of sulfocarbides.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2012
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.smff.t53400073
EISBN: 978-1-62708-316-4
... to distinguish the heat-treatable alloys from those alloys in which no significant strength improvement can be achieved by heating and cooling. 2 xxx , 6 xxx and 7 xxx are heat treatable aluminum alloys. Heat treatment to increase strength of aluminum alloys is a three-step process: Solution heat...
Abstract
This chapter describes the formability and forming characteristics of low-carbon sheet steels, coated sheet steels, stainless steels, and aluminum and magnesium alloys. It provides property data as well as flow stress curves for numerous grades of each material and explains how composition, microstructure, and processing methods influence forming behaviors.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ex2.t69980195
EISBN: 978-1-62708-342-3
... with contents > 7 wt% can be age hardened after solution heat treatment. At the same time, the alloy suffers a drastic loss in ductility [ Schu 69 ]. Fig. 5.10 The influence of aluminum on the mechanical properties of extruded magnesium alloys (Source: Spitaler) Zinc readily dissolves...
Abstract
Compared with other deformation processes used to produce semifinished products, the hot-working extrusion process has the advantage of applying pure compressive forces in all three force directions, enhancing workability. The available variations in the extrusion process enable a wide spectrum of materials to be extruded. This chapter focuses on the processes involved in the extrusion of semifinished products in various metals and their alloys, namely tin, lead, lead-base soft solders, tin-base soft solders, zinc, magnesium, aluminum, copper, titanium, zirconium, iron, nickel, and powder metals. It discusses their properties and applications as well as suitable equipment for extrusion. It further discusses the processes involved in the extrusion of semifinished products in exotic alloys and extrusion of semifinished products from metallic composite materials.