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Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2023
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.stmflw.t59390100
EISBN: 978-1-62708-459-8
... lubricants (emulsions, synthetics, solutions); and a wide range of coatings and carriers. It also discusses solid-film lubricants (oxide films, polymer films, layer-lattice compounds) and environmental and safety concerns. aqueous lubricants coatings compounded lubricants greases metalworking...
Abstract
This chapter describes the properties and attributes of various classes of metalworking lubricants, including mineral oils; natural oils, fats, derivatives, and soaps; synthetic fluids (olefins, esters, polyglycols, ionic liquids); compounded lubricants (oils, greases, fats); aqueous lubricants (emulsions, synthetics, solutions); and a wide range of coatings and carriers. It also discusses solid-film lubricants (oxide films, polymer films, layer-lattice compounds) and environmental and safety concerns.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2023
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.stmflw.t59390241
EISBN: 978-1-62708-459-8
..., heat, strain, and distortion for different tooling configurations and geometries. It explains how to select and apply lubricants based on drawing speed, die design, and other factors and how to maintain sufficient film thickness for hydrodynamic, mixed, and solid-film lubrication conditions. It also...
Abstract
Drawing is a bulk deformation process that involves significant surface generation and high pressures. This chapter provides an overview of the mechanics and tribology of wire, bar, tube, and shape drawing. It presents important equations for calculating stresses, forces, friction, heat, strain, and distortion for different tooling configurations and geometries. It explains how to select and apply lubricants based on drawing speed, die design, and other factors and how to maintain sufficient film thickness for hydrodynamic, mixed, and solid-film lubrication conditions. It also discusses the use of vibrating dies, the influence of surface finish and defects, and lubrication practices for specific materials.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 April 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.tpsfwea.t59300335
EISBN: 978-1-62708-323-2
... or lubricate surfaces, including solid film, chemical conversion, and vacuum coatings, surface oiling and texturing, and lubricating platings. It compares and contrasts methods based on thickness and depth and their relative effect on friction, erosion, and wear. coatings friction and wear properties...
Abstract
This chapter covers coatings and treatments that are used to improve the friction and wear behaviors of materials. It describes modifications that work by hardening contacting surfaces, including heat treating, vacuum coating, thermal spray, and plating, and those that separate or lubricate surfaces, including solid film, chemical conversion, and vacuum coatings, surface oiling and texturing, and lubricating platings. It compares and contrasts methods based on thickness and depth and their relative effect on friction, erosion, and wear.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2023
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.stmflw.t59390064
EISBN: 978-1-62708-459-8
... modeling of EHD films must take all these possibilities into account, including softening of the solid through heating as well as the influence of strain rate. Figure 5.5: Modeling of lubricants in concentrated contacts. (a) Viscous lubricant (low pressure and Deborah number); (b) elastic (high...
Abstract
This chapter reviews the basic theory of lubrication in the context of metal forming applications. It discusses the rheological properties of fluids and their effect on fluid-film thickness at pressures, temperatures, and loading conditions typical of metal working processes. It describes the three lubrication regimes (boundary, mixed, and hydrodynamic) of a Stribeck curve and the forces that maintain surface separation. It also discusses mixed, elastohydrodynamic, plastohydrodynamic, and solid or semi-solid lubrication, the effects of starvation and frictional instabilities, and the role of elastic deflection and ultrasonic vibration.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 April 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.tpsfwea.t59300391
EISBN: 978-1-62708-323-2
... and friction control, the relationship between viscosity and breakaway friction, and the factors that affect load-carrying capacity and service life. friction control industrial greases liquid lubricants solid-film lubricants DUNCAN DOWSON, a distinguished professor at the University...
Abstract
This chapter covers the tribological properties of different types of oil, greases, solid lubricants, and metalworking and traction fluids. It explains how lubricants are made, how they work, and how they are applied and tested. It also discusses the fundamentals of lubrication and friction control, the relationship between viscosity and breakaway friction, and the factors that affect load-carrying capacity and service life.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 March 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.secwr.t68350043
EISBN: 978-1-62708-315-7
... are forced to move relative to each other. It is closely associated with any wear mechanisms that may be operating and with any lubricant and/or surface films that may be present, as well as the surface topographies. The heat generated as a result of the dissipation of frictional interaction may affect...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the basic principles of friction and the factors that must be considered when determining its effect on moving bodies in contact. It provides an extensive amount of friction data, including static and kinetic friction coefficients for numerous combinations of engineering materials and coatings. It also describes the causes and effects of the most common forms of wear, the conditions under which they occur, the role of lubrication, and wear testing methods.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 April 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.tpsfwea.t59300047
EISBN: 978-1-62708-323-2
... in some way with lubricants; this section will also concentrate on the friction aspects of lubricated tribosystems. Fig. 3.12 Types of lubricants Solid film lubricants are just that—a film of some solid substance is deposited on a sliding or rolling surface in order to reduce friction...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the effect of friction in the context of design. It explains how friction coefficients are determined and how they are used to make sizing and selection decisions. It covers practical issues associated with rolling friction, the use of lubricants, and the tribology of metal, ceramic, and polymer surfaces in contact. It also discusses the nature of rolling friction and provides helpful design guidelines.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2023
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.stmflw.t59390284
EISBN: 978-1-62708-459-8
... forms, and this angle increases with reduction ratio. It is essential, though, that no trace of a lubricant or contaminant film be present on the billet surface, because otherwise the sticking condition will be locally disturbed and the lubricant will be washed in below the product surface. This can...
Abstract
This chapter deals with the mechanics and tribology associated with the extrusion of bars, sections, and tubes. It covers direct and indirect extrusion processes in detail and demonstrates the use of important equations, relationships, and measurements for determining pressure, force, material flow, friction, die wear, heat generation, and lubrication requirements. The chapter also provides information on hydrostatic, friction-assisted, and severe plastic deformation extrusion processes, discusses the cause of instabilities and defects, and explains how to select and apply lubricants to minimize friction and die wear when extruding steel, aluminum, copper, and refractory metals.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 April 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.tpsfwea.t59300013
EISBN: 978-1-62708-323-2
... (lubricant); they could be rolling in a powder or other solid particles (which is the case for tires on roadways); they can have films or treatments separating the rolling elements. Fig. 2.11 Rolling a ball on a flat produces pure rolling at a point. Rolling a ball in an “almost” conforming raceway...
Abstract
This chapter reviews the types of friction that are of concern in tribological systems along with their associated causes and effects. It discusses some of the early discoveries that led to the development of friction laws and the understanding that friction is a system effect that can be analyzed based on energy dissipation. It describes the stick-slip behavior observed in wiper blades, the concept of asperities, and the significance of the shape, lay, roughness, and waviness of surfaces in sliding contact. It explains how friction forces are measured and how they are influenced by speed, load, and operating environment. It also covers rolling contact and fluid friction and the effect of lubrication.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2023
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.stmflw.t59390325
EISBN: 978-1-62708-459-8
... punch, a lubricant reduces pressure, provided that it does not thin excessively. A well-adhering solid lubricant is effective, but breakdown of a liquid film may allow pressures to rise above their unlubricated values. 11.3 Impression-Die Forging Impression die forging, also called closed die...
Abstract
Forging is a deformation process achieved through the application of compressive stresses. During the stroke, pressures and velocities are continuously changing and the initial lubricant supply must suffice for the duration of the operation. Lubricant residues and pickup products also change with time, further complicating the analysis of friction and wear. This chapter provides a qualitative and quantitative overview of the mechanics and tribology of forging in all of its forms. It discusses the effects of friction, pressures, forces, and temperature on the deformation and flow of metals in open-die, closed-die, and impression-die forging and in back extrusion and piercing operations. It presents various ways to achieve fluid-film lubrication in upset forging processes and examines the cause of barreling, defect formation, and folding in the upsetting of cylinders, rings, and slabs. It also explains how to evaluate lubricants, friction, and wear under hot, cold, and warm forging conditions and how to extend die life and reduce defects when processing different materials.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 September 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.gmpm.t51250019
EISBN: 978-1-62708-345-4
... by asperities lubricated by surface films of molecularly thin liquids, gases, or solids; this condition is known as boundary lubrication. The exclusive use of solid lubricants is called solid lubrication. For highly loaded contacts, lubricant pressure can cause elastic deformation of the surfaces...
Abstract
This chapter reviews the knowledge of the field of gear tribology and is intended for both gear designers and gear operators. Gear tooth failure modes are discussed with emphasis on lubrication-related failures. The chapter is concerned with gear tooth failures that are influenced by friction, lubrication, and wear. Equations for calculating lubricant film thickness, which determines whether the gears operate in the boundary, elastohydrodynamic, or full-film lubrication range, are given. Also, given is an equation for Blok's flash temperature, which is used for predicting the risk of scuffing. In addition, recommendations for lubricant selection, viscosity, and method of application are discussed. The chapter discusses in greater detail the applications of oil lubricant. Finally, a case history demonstrates how the tribological principles discussed in the chapter can be applied practically to avoid gear failure.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 April 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.tpsfwea.t59300079
EISBN: 978-1-62708-323-2
... Abstract This chapter covers common types of erosion, including droplet, slurry, cavitation, liquid impingement, gas flow, and solid particle erosion, and major types of wear, including abrasive, adhesive, lubricated, rolling, and impact wear. It also covers special cases such as galling...
Abstract
This chapter covers common types of erosion, including droplet, slurry, cavitation, liquid impingement, gas flow, and solid particle erosion, and major types of wear, including abrasive, adhesive, lubricated, rolling, and impact wear. It also covers special cases such as galling, fretting, scuffing, and spalling and introduces the concepts of tribocorrosion and biotribology.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 1985
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.sagf.t63420027
EISBN: 978-1-62708-452-9
... be easy to understand the reasons for it not to function under certain conditions. Lubrication is accomplished on gear teeth by the formation of two types of oil films: the reaction film, also known as the “boundary lubricant,” produced by physical absorption and/or chemical reaction to form a desired...
Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of environmental factors when studying a gear failure. Environmental factors discussed are lubrication, temperature, and mechanical stability.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2023
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.stmflw.t59390389
EISBN: 978-1-62708-459-8
... it was TiC that eliminated wear while TiN only reduced it. Lubrication Various lubricants are effective in reducing wear, especially adhesive wear. Liquid lubricants form a squeeze film when the punch contacts the sheet. Most of the film squeezes out, but in doing so it also lubricates the end face...
Abstract
This chapter covers the mechanics and tribology of sheet metalworking processes, including shearing, bending, spinning, stretching, deep drawing, ironing, and hydroforming. It explains how to determine friction, wear, and lubrication needs based on process forces, temperatures, and strains and the effects of strain hardening on workpiece materials. It presents test methods for evaluating process tribology, describes lubrication and wear control approaches, and discusses the factors, such as surface roughness, lubricant breakdown, and adhesion, that can lead to galling and other forms of wear. It also provides best practices for selecting, evaluating, and applying lubricants for specific materials, including steels, stainless steels, and aluminum and magnesium alloys.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2012
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.smff.t53400089
EISBN: 978-1-62708-316-4
... a few selected forming operations, such as hot rolling of plates or slabs and nonlubricated extrusion of aluminum alloys. Boundary lubrication ( Fig. 7.2 ) is defined as a condition where the solid surfaces are so close together that surface interaction between single or multimolecular films...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the factors that must be considered when selecting a lubricant for sheet metal forming operations. It begins with a review of lubrication regimes and friction models. It then describes the selection and use of sheet metal forming lubricants, explaining how they are applied and removed and how their pressure and temperature ranges can be extended by performance enhancing additives. The chapter also explains how sheet metal forming lubricants are evaluated in the laboratory as well as on the production floor and how tribological tests are conducted to simulate stamping, deep drawing, ironing, and blanking operations.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2023
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.stmflw.t59390019
EISBN: 978-1-62708-459-8
... Plastic deformation in the presence of a lubricant film results in surface roughening or smoothening, and irrespective of whether the lubricant is liquid, semisolid, or solid. Roughening involves the following: When the liquid film is thick enough to ensure complete die-workpiece separation (see...
Abstract
This chapter examines the surface interactions that occur during metal forming operations at both the macroscopic and microscopic scale. It describes the measurement and characterization of surface profiles based on form error, waviness, and roughness. It explains how workpiece surfaces become rougher or smoother due to the effects of deformation, tooling interactions, and lubricant film thickness. It familiarizes readers with the concept of nominal contact, the role of asperities, and the effects of interface pressure, plasticity index, shear stress, and bulk strain rate. It also reviews the two basic friction rules applicable to metal forming and presents advanced friction models that account for the transition between Coulomb and Tresca behavior and the effects of lubrication.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 July 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.fec.t65940451
EISBN: 978-1-62708-302-7
... to Salt Spray (Fog) D 2251, Test Method for Metal Corrosion by Halogenated Organic Solvents and Their Admixtures D 2570, Method for Simulated Service Corrosion Testing of Engine Coolants D 2649, Test Method for Corrosion Characteristics of Solid Film Lubricants 454 / Fundamentals of Electrochemical...
Abstract
This appendix is a comprehensive collection of selected sources related to corrosion properties of materials and corrosion testing.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 November 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.uhcf3.t53630169
EISBN: 978-1-62708-270-9
... lubricant cannot flow through the interface as it can where there is continual sliding motion. Certain greases, solid film lubricants (e.g., molybdenum disulfide), and oils are intended to reduce or delay fretting, as is discussed in Ref 1 . Prevent fracture: Fracture resulting from fretting wear may...
Abstract
This chapter is a detailed account of the general characteristics and effects of and the methods for preventing or reducing different categories of wear failures, namely abrasive (erosive, grinding, and gouging), adhesive, and fretting wear.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cfap.t69780259
EISBN: 978-1-62708-281-5
... for Solid Friction , Friction, Lubrication, and Wear Technology , Vol 18 , ASM Handbook , Blau P.J. , Ed., ASM International , 1992 , p 45 – 58 19. “ Standard Test Method for Static and Kinetic Coefficients of Friction of Plastic Film and Sheeting, ” D 1894-90, 1992 Annual Book of ASTM...
Abstract
This article focuses on friction and wear as they relate to polymeric materials, covering friction and wear applications for polymeric materials. The discussion covers the causes and mechanisms of friction, wear, and lubrication; different test methods developed to simulate friction and wear mechanisms; and friction and wear test data used for polymeric materials.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2023
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.stmflw.t59390145
EISBN: 978-1-62708-459-8
... from one process to another. film thickness measurements friction force measurements lubricant evaluation simulation testing surface characterization wear testing In order for tribological processes to be understood and quantified, a great variety of measurements must be made. Some...
Abstract
This chapter provides a practical overview of the tools and techniques used to assess the tribological aspects of metal forming processes. It describes test methods that have been developed to evaluate bulk deformation and sheet metal forming processes along with lubricant rheology, friction forces, and stress and strain distributions. It explains how to measure temperature between tooling and workpiece surfaces as well as surface topography and composition, film thickness, and wear. It also discusses the benefits of reduced-scale and simulation testing and the transfer of results from one process to another.
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