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Book Chapter
Book: Principles of Soldering
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 April 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ps.t62440049
EISBN: 978-1-62708-352-2
...Low-melting-point eutectic composition alloys used as solders Table 2.2 Low-melting-point eutectic composition alloys used as solders Composition, wt% Eutectic temperature Ag Bi In Pb Sn Other °C °F ... 49.0 21.0 18.0 12.0 ... 57 135 ... 33.7 66.3...
Abstract
This chapter presents an overview and survey of solder alloy systems. Extensive reference is made to phase diagrams and their interpretation. The chapter describes the effect of metallic impurities on different solders. The chapter concludes with a review of the key characteristics of eutectic alloys and of the factors most effective at depressing the melting point of solders by eutectic alloying.
Image
Published: 01 April 2004
Fig. 3.5 (a-f) Spread tests of four common solders, melted on NiCr/Au substrates at 10 °C (18 °F) superheat, in controlled atmospheres. There is negligible benefit from a hydrogen-rich atmosphere. Although somewhat subjective, the solders melted in the 40% hydrogen atmosphere do appear
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Image
Published: 01 April 2004
Fig. 3.5 (g-l) Spread tests of four common solders, melted on NiCr/Au substrates at 10 °C (18 °F) superheat, in controlled atmospheres. There is negligible benefit from a hydrogen-rich atmosphere. Although somewhat subjective, the solders melted in the 40% hydrogen atmosphere do appear
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Published: 01 April 2004
Fig. 3.14 Oxide thickness versus oxidation time for a range of solders held in air 140 °C (284 °F) above their melting point. Adapted from Dong, Schwarz, and Roth [1977 ]
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Published: 01 April 2004
Fig. 3.15 Oxide growth on molten solders at an oxygen partial pressure of 1 Pa (1.5 × 10 –4 psi). Adapted from Kuhmann et al. [1998 ]
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Published: 01 April 2004
Fig. 4.24 Void content versus joint length for a range of representative solders. The substrates were square coupons of polished alumina metallized with thin-film titanium/gold, applied by sputtering. The joints were made at a superheat of 25 °C, and the void level was assessed by quantitative
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Published: 01 April 2004
Fig. 5.3 Stress-rupture life of joints made with low-melting-point solders, tested at room temperature. Silver-tin solder is more resilient than lead-tin eutectic, while indium-tin alloys are less able to resist creep.
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Published: 01 April 2004
Fig. 5.27 Yield strength of composite solders at room temperature plotted as a function of volume fraction of the added intermetallic powder [ Yost, Hosking, and Frear 1993 ]
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Published: 01 April 2004
Fig. 5.31 Tensile strength and elongation to failure of Ag-96.5Sn solders doped with cerium and lanthanum. The samples were chill-cast ingots of solder, 20 mm (0.8 in.) long by 10 mm (0.4 in.) in diameter, tested at room temperature and a strain rate of 4 × 10 –3 /s. RE, rare earth
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Published: 01 April 2004
Fig. 5.32 Tensile strength and elongation to failure of Sn-9Zn solders doped with lanthanum. The samples were chill-cast ingots of solder, 25 mm (1 in.) long by 5 mm (0.2 in.) in diameter, tested at room temperature and a strain rate of 5 × 10 –3 /s. RE, rare earth
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Published: 01 April 2004
Fig. 5.33 Stress-rupture life of Sn-3.5Ag and Sn-3.5Ag-0.25RE solders for an applied stress of 20 MPa (2900 psi) at 50° C (122 °F)
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Published: 01 April 2004
Fig. 5.35 Contact angle and spread area of Ag-96.5Sn solders doped with cerium and lanthanum melted on copper at 300 °C (572 °F) for 30 s under cover of RMA flux. RE, rare earth
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Published: 01 April 2004
Fig. 5.36 Wetting force of Sn-9Zn solders doped with lutetium on copper using rosin-activated flux at 245 °C (473 °F) in air. RE, rare earth
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Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.jub.t53290165
EISBN: 978-1-62708-306-5
... Abstract Brazing and soldering processes use a molten filler metal to wet the mating surfaces of a joint, with or without the aid of a fluxing agent, leading to the formation of a metallurgical bond between the filler and the respective components. This chapter discusses the characteristics...
Abstract
Brazing and soldering processes use a molten filler metal to wet the mating surfaces of a joint, with or without the aid of a fluxing agent, leading to the formation of a metallurgical bond between the filler and the respective components. This chapter discusses the characteristics, advantages, and disadvantages of brazing and soldering. The first part focuses on the fundamentals of the brazing process and provides information on filler metals and specific brazing methods. The soldering portion of the chapters provides information on solder alloys used, selection criteria for base metal, the processes involved in precleaning and surface preparation, types of fluxes used, solder joint design, and solder heating methods.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 April 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ps.9781627083522
EISBN: 978-1-62708-352-2
Book Chapter
Book: Principles of Soldering
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 April 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ps.t62440189
EISBN: 978-1-62708-352-2
... Cadmium 320.8 Toxic vapor Lead 327.5 Toxic Availability of potential alloying elements in lead-free solder Table 5.2 Availability of potential alloying elements in lead-free solder Metal World production in 2000 (a) , tonnes Silver 17,700 Bismuth 5,880 Copper...
Abstract
This chapter presents several materials and processes related to soldering technology. It first provides information on lead-free solders, followed by sections devoted to flip-chip processes, diffusion soldering, and modeling. Scanning acoustic microscopy and fine-focus x-ray techniques are also discussed. The chapter describes several evaluation procedures and tests developed to measure solderability and standards for process calibration. The chapter also describes the characteristics of reinforced solders, amalgams used as solders, and other strategies to boost the strength of solders. Further, the chapter considers methods for quantifying the mechanical integrity of joints and predicting their dimensional stability under specified environmental conditions. It discusses the effects of rare earth elements on the properties of solders. The chapter concludes with information on advanced joint characterization techniques.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 1999
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.caaa.t67870161
EISBN: 978-1-62708-299-0
... Abstract This chapter describes the factors that affect the corrosion performance of aluminum assemblies joined by methods such as welding, brazing, soldering, and adhesive bonding. The factors covered include galvanic effects, crevices, and assembly stresses in products susceptible to stress...
Abstract
This chapter describes the factors that affect the corrosion performance of aluminum assemblies joined by methods such as welding, brazing, soldering, and adhesive bonding. The factors covered include galvanic effects, crevices, and assembly stresses in products susceptible to stress-corrosion cracking.
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in 2.5D and 3D Packaging Failure Analysis Techniques
> Microelectronics Failure Analysis: Desk Reference
Published: 01 November 2019
Figure 4 3D X-Ray tomography of the failing solder bump interface. Missing solder observed between the interposer and the laminate at the fail location.
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Image
Published: 01 December 2009
Fig. 12.8 Defective solder joints. Note the poor solder joints on the left side of the component. Such defects can induce open circuits or create a short circuit if the solder forms a bridge between components. Solder spatter of the type shown here can also be induced by excess energy
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