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Book Chapter
Sintering Densification
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 April 2020
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.bpapp.t59290169
EISBN: 978-1-62708-319-5
... Abstract After shaping and first-stage binder removal, the component (with remaining backbone binder) is heated to the sintering temperature. Further heating induces densification, evident as dimensional shrinkage, pore rounding, and improved strength. This chapter begins with a discussion...
Abstract
After shaping and first-stage binder removal, the component (with remaining backbone binder) is heated to the sintering temperature. Further heating induces densification, evident as dimensional shrinkage, pore rounding, and improved strength. This chapter begins with a discussion on the events that are contributing to sintering densification, followed by a discussion on the driving forces, such as surface energy, and high-temperature atomic motion as well as the factors affecting these processes. The process of microstructure evolution in sintering is then described, followed by a discussion on the tools used for measuring bulk properties to monitor sintering and density. The effects of key parameters, such as particle size, oxygen content, sintering atmosphere, and peak temperature, on the sintered properties are discussed. Further, the chapter covers sintering cycles and sintering practices adopted as well as provides information on dimensional control and related concerns of sintering. Cost issues associated with sintering are finally covered.
Image
Progressive densification and grain growth at several stages of sintering. ...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 October 2012
Fig. 10.20 Progressive densification and grain growth at several stages of sintering. (a) Initial stage. (b) Intermediate stage. (c) Final stage. (d) Fracture surface. The fracture surface micrograph shows the desirable placement of spherical pores on grain boundaries in the final stage
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Image
Sintering time influence on densification for a slip cast 0.4 μm median par...
Available to Purchase
in Case Studies of Powder-Binder Processing Practices
> Binder and Polymer Assisted Powder Processing
Published: 30 April 2020
Fig. 10.38 Sintering time influence on densification for a slip cast 0.4 μm median particle size alumina, comparing a narrow and broad size distribution. At intermediate densities, the broad distribution improves sintering, but the two distributions converge to similar behavior at more than 95
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Image
Cross-sectional view through a ferrous powder. The external view of the pow...
Available to PurchasePublished: 30 April 2020
Fig. 2.8 Cross-sectional view through a ferrous powder. The external view of the powder failed to detect this internal porosity. Dense particles are necessary for high properties because these internal pores are resistant to sintering densification. Courtesy of J. Marsden
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Book Chapter
Sintering Concepts Relevant to Greater Density and Improved Properties
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2024
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.pmamfa.t59400115
EISBN: 978-1-62708-479-6
... Abstract This chapter describes how forces and temperatures generated during sintering influence particle bonding, grain growth, shrinkage, and densification as well as bulk material properties. It explains how density, a good predictor of mechanical and electrical properties, can be controlled...
Abstract
This chapter describes how forces and temperatures generated during sintering influence particle bonding, grain growth, shrinkage, and densification as well as bulk material properties. It explains how density, a good predictor of mechanical and electrical properties, can be controlled by proper selection of sintering time, temperature, and particle size for various steels, ceramics, and tungsten and titanium alloys.
Book Chapter
Case Studies of Powder-Binder Processing Practices
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 April 2020
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.bpapp.t59290201
EISBN: 978-1-62708-319-5
... any initial particle size effect. The estimated grain growth rate of 7 μm 3 /s means almost no measurable difference in grain structure (and sintering densification) late in sintering, independent of starting particle size. Even a 60 μm particle size, sintered at 1340 °C (2445 °F) for 60 min...
Abstract
This chapter provides details on powder-binder processing for three materials, namely precipitation-hardened 17-4 PH stainless steel, cemented carbides, and alumina. The types of powders, binders, feedstock, shaping processes, debinding, sintering cycles, compositions, microstructure, distortion, postsintering treatments, and mechanical properties are presented for each. The shaping options include powder-binder approaches such as binder jetting, injection molding, extrusion, slip and slurry casting, centrifugal casting, tape casting, and additive manufacturing. Sintering options are outlined with respect to attaining high final properties.
Book Chapter
How Does Powder Metallurgy Facilitate the Preparation of Intermetallics and High-Entropy Alloys?
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2024
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.pmamfa.t59400191
EISBN: 978-1-62708-479-6
... to produce dense material efficiently and at lower sintering temperatures. Applying pressure enhances the driving force for densification, minimizes coarsening, and leads to pore closure in the final sintering stage. The well-known methods of sintering intermetallic powders for full densification include hot...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the growing role of powder metallurgy in the production of intermetallic, Heusler, and high-entropy alloys. It reviews the challenges of producing these materials by conventional methods and the advantages of sinter-based PM techniques. It explains why PM processes are better suited for complex materials than casting and compares the properties of intermetallic, Heusler, and high-entropy alloys prepared by casting and powder-metal techniques.
Book Chapter
Various Conventional and Advanced Sintering Methods to Consolidate Powders
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2024
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.pmamfa.t59400073
EISBN: 978-1-62708-479-6
... of conventional sintering include the sintering temperature, heating rate, holding time, sintering atmosphere, and cooling rate. Note that the proper selection of sintering temperature, heating rate, and isothermal holding time is extremely crucial for optimum densification. For example, a slow heating rate...
Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of sintering techniques and the microstructures and properties that can be achieved in different material systems. It covers conventional furnace sintering, microwave and laser sintering, hot and hot-isostatic pressing, and spark plasma sintering. It describes the advantages and disadvantages of each method, the mechanisms involved, and the effect of sintering parameters on the density, grain size, and mechanical properties of titanium and tungsten heavy alloys, stainless steel, cemented carbides, ceramics, composites, and rare earth magnets.
Book Chapter
Fabrication of Bulk Components from Mechanically Alloyed Powders
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2024
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.pmamfa.t59400051
EISBN: 978-1-62708-479-6
... parameters on mechanically alloyed powders, their consolidation characteristics, and the properties of bulk components. consolidation densification high-pressure torsion hot pressing laser sintering microwave sintering powder milling pulse plasma sintering spark plasma sintering MECHANICAL...
Abstract
This chapter covers various consolidation techniques used in powder metallurgy, including laser sintering (pressureless sintering), hot pressing, high-pressure torsion, microwave sintering, spark plasma sintering, and pulse plasma sintering. It also discusses the effect of milling parameters on mechanically alloyed powders, their consolidation characteristics, and the properties of bulk components.
Image
Sintered density versus hold time for 42 μm titanium powder vacuum sintered...
Available to PurchasePublished: 30 April 2020
Fig. 8.3 Sintered density versus hold time for 42 μm titanium powder vacuum sintered at three temperatures. Faster rates of densification (steeper slopes) are associated with shorter times and higher temperatures.
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Image
Sintered density versus hold time for 42 μm titanium powder vacuum sintered...
Available to Purchase
in Sintering Concepts Relevant to Greater Density and Improved Properties
> Powder Metallurgy and Additive Manufacturing: Fundamentals and Advancements
Published: 30 September 2024
Fig. 6.4 Sintered density versus hold time for 42 μm titanium powder vacuum sintered at three temperatures. Faster rates of densification (steeper slopes) are associated with shorter times and higher temperatures. Source: Ref 6.3
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Image
Two variants in the mathematical treatment of sintering. The upper drawing ...
Available to PurchasePublished: 30 April 2020
Fig. 8.9 Two variants in the mathematical treatment of sintering. The upper drawing corresponds to surface transport mechanisms that reposition mass along the outer surface to form the sinter neck without densification. The lower drawing corresponds to bulk transport mechanisms that move mass
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Book Chapter
Compacting and Shaping
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2007
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.pmsspmp.t52000039
EISBN: 978-1-62708-312-6
... interparticle friction and optimizes densification. Double Pressing-Double Sintering Double Pressing-Double Sintering is sometimes used to achieve high sintered densities. The first sintering is carried out at a relatively low temperature, which produces sufficient ductility for the second pressing...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the methods by which stainless steel powders are shaped and compacted prior to sintering, including rigid die compaction, metal injection molding, extrusion, and hot isostatic pressing. It explains where each process is used and how processing parameters, such as temperature and pressure, and powder characteristics, such as particle size and shape, influence the quality of manufactured parts. It describes the various stages of metal powder compaction, the role of lubricants, and how to account for dimensional changes in the design of tooling and process sequences.
Image
Scanning electron micrograph of spherical bronze particles to illustrate si...
Available to Purchase
in Sintering Concepts Relevant to Greater Density and Improved Properties
> Powder Metallurgy and Additive Manufacturing: Fundamentals and Advancements
Published: 30 September 2024
Fig. 6.1 Scanning electron micrograph of spherical bronze particles to illustrate sinter neck formation between contacting particles prior to significant densification
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Image
High-purity alumina is sintered with different dopants at increasing concen...
Available to Purchase
in Case Studies of Powder-Binder Processing Practices
> Binder and Polymer Assisted Powder Processing
Published: 30 April 2020
Fig. 10.33 High-purity alumina is sintered with different dopants at increasing concentrations to show that densification improves with magnesia but is hindered with calcia. Source: Bae and Baik ( Ref 19 )
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Image
Sintered density versus particle size for zinc sulfide heated in nitrogen f...
Available to Purchase
in Sintering Concepts Relevant to Greater Density and Improved Properties
> Powder Metallurgy and Additive Manufacturing: Fundamentals and Advancements
Published: 30 September 2024
Fig. 6.5 Sintered density versus particle size for zinc sulfide heated in nitrogen for 120 min at 1000 °C (1830 °F), illustrating the improved densification associated with small powders
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Image
Sintered density versus particle size for zinc sulfide heated in nitrogen f...
Available to PurchasePublished: 30 April 2020
Fig. 8.4 Sintered density versus particle size for zinc sulfide heated in nitrogen for 120 min at 1000 °C (1830 °F), illustrating the improved densification associated with small powders. Source: Kim et al. ( Ref 1 )
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Image
Data showing sintered density versus hold time and peak temperature for 17-...
Available to Purchase
in Case Studies of Powder-Binder Processing Practices
> Binder and Polymer Assisted Powder Processing
Published: 30 April 2020
Fig. 10.1 Data showing sintered density versus hold time and peak temperature for 17-4 PH stainless steel. Over a peak temperature of 1320 °C (2410 °F), almost all densification occurs prior to the isothermal hold, corresponding to zero time.
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Image
Sintered density versus temperature for 10 °C/min (18 °F/min) heating using...
Available to Purchase
in Case Studies of Powder-Binder Processing Practices
> Binder and Polymer Assisted Powder Processing
Published: 30 April 2020
Fig. 10.28 Sintered density versus temperature for 10 °C/min (18 °F/min) heating using two median particle sizes. The smaller 0.2 μm powder shows lower-temperature densification, but after 60 min at peak temperature (1400 °C or 2550 °F), the two powders reach essentially the same density
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Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 July 2009
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.bcp.t52230267
EISBN: 978-1-62708-298-3
... in consolidating normal-purity grades of beryllium is related to the oxide coating and contaminants, especially silicon. Silicon is a sintering aid that permits full densification of the hot pressed billets using hot pressing conditions. Sintering can be performed, but the properties of the sintered billets...
Abstract
Powder metallurgy plays a central role in the production of nearly all beryllium components. This chapter describes the primary steps in the powder metal process and the work that has been done to improve each one. It explains how beryllium powders are made and how they are consolidated prior to sintering. It also compares and contrasts the properties of beryllium products made using different methods and provides composition and particle size data on commercially available powders.
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