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Mayadhar Debata, Pradyut Sengupta, Shuvam Mandal, Ajit Panigrahi, Suddhasatwa Basu
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Randall M. German
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Book Chapter
Sintering Densification
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 April 2020
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.bpapp.t59290169
EISBN: 978-1-62708-319-5
... Abstract After shaping and first-stage binder removal, the component (with remaining backbone binder) is heated to the sintering temperature. Further heating induces densification, evident as dimensional shrinkage, pore rounding, and improved strength. This chapter begins with a discussion...
Abstract
After shaping and first-stage binder removal, the component (with remaining backbone binder) is heated to the sintering temperature. Further heating induces densification, evident as dimensional shrinkage, pore rounding, and improved strength. This chapter begins with a discussion on the events that are contributing to sintering densification, followed by a discussion on the driving forces, such as surface energy, and high-temperature atomic motion as well as the factors affecting these processes. The process of microstructure evolution in sintering is then described, followed by a discussion on the tools used for measuring bulk properties to monitor sintering and density. The effects of key parameters, such as particle size, oxygen content, sintering atmosphere, and peak temperature, on the sintered properties are discussed. Further, the chapter covers sintering cycles and sintering practices adopted as well as provides information on dimensional control and related concerns of sintering. Cost issues associated with sintering are finally covered.
Book Chapter
Sintering and Corrosion Resistance
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2007
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.pmsspmp.t52000059
EISBN: 978-1-62708-312-6
... Abstract This chapter discusses the sintering process for stainless steel powders and its influence on corrosion resistance. It begins with a review of sintering furnaces and atmospheres and the effect of temperature and density on compact properties such as conductivity, ductility...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the sintering process for stainless steel powders and its influence on corrosion resistance. It begins with a review of sintering furnaces and atmospheres and the effect of temperature and density on compact properties such as conductivity, ductility, and strength. It then describes the relationship between sintered density and corrosion resistance and how it varies for different types of powders and operating environments. The chapter also explains how stainless steel powders respond to different sintering atmospheres, including hydrogen, hydrogen-nitrogen, and vacuum, and liquid-phase sintering processes.
Book Chapter
Various Conventional and Advanced Sintering Methods to Consolidate Powders
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2024
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.pmamfa.t59400073
EISBN: 978-1-62708-479-6
... Abstract This chapter provides an overview of sintering techniques and the microstructures and properties that can be achieved in different material systems. It covers conventional furnace sintering, microwave and laser sintering, hot and hot-isostatic pressing, and spark plasma sintering...
Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of sintering techniques and the microstructures and properties that can be achieved in different material systems. It covers conventional furnace sintering, microwave and laser sintering, hot and hot-isostatic pressing, and spark plasma sintering. It describes the advantages and disadvantages of each method, the mechanisms involved, and the effect of sintering parameters on the density, grain size, and mechanical properties of titanium and tungsten heavy alloys, stainless steel, cemented carbides, ceramics, composites, and rare earth magnets.
Book Chapter
Sintering Concepts Relevant to Greater Density and Improved Properties
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2024
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.pmamfa.t59400115
EISBN: 978-1-62708-479-6
... Abstract This chapter describes how forces and temperatures generated during sintering influence particle bonding, grain growth, shrinkage, and densification as well as bulk material properties. It explains how density, a good predictor of mechanical and electrical properties, can be controlled...
Abstract
This chapter describes how forces and temperatures generated during sintering influence particle bonding, grain growth, shrinkage, and densification as well as bulk material properties. It explains how density, a good predictor of mechanical and electrical properties, can be controlled by proper selection of sintering time, temperature, and particle size for various steels, ceramics, and tungsten and titanium alloys.
Book Chapter
Alloying Elements, Optimal Sintering, and Surface Modification in PM Stainless Steels
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2007
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.pmsspmp.t52000101
EISBN: 978-1-62708-312-6
... Abstract This chapter describes the most effective ways to improve the corrosion resistance of sintered stainless steels, including increasing alloy content, optimizing the sintering process, and the use of surface treatments and modifications. alloying element corrosion resistance...
Abstract
This chapter describes the most effective ways to improve the corrosion resistance of sintered stainless steels, including increasing alloy content, optimizing the sintering process, and the use of surface treatments and modifications.
Image
Sintering process. (a) Schematic of sintering. (b) Scanning electron microg...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 November 2013
Fig. 25 Sintering process. (a) Schematic of sintering. (b) Scanning electron micrographs of the neck formation due to sintering. The spheres (33 μm diam) were sintered at 1030 °C for 30 min in vacuum. Courtesy of Randall M. German, The Pennsylvania State University. Source: Ref 11
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Image
Sintered density versus hold time for 42 μm titanium powder vacuum sintered...
Available to PurchasePublished: 30 April 2020
Fig. 8.3 Sintered density versus hold time for 42 μm titanium powder vacuum sintered at three temperatures. Faster rates of densification (steeper slopes) are associated with shorter times and higher temperatures.
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Image
Liquid-phase-sintered stainless steel. The boron-doped material is sintered...
Available to PurchasePublished: 30 April 2020
Fig. 8.5 Liquid-phase-sintered stainless steel. The boron-doped material is sintered to full density using vacuum heating to approximately 1240 °C (2265 °F). On cooling, the liquid solidified and is evident in the gaps between the grains that were solid at the sintering temperature.
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Image
Sintered density for a 40 μm prealloyed tool steel powder versus sintering ...
Available to PurchasePublished: 30 April 2020
Fig. 8.7 Sintered density for a 40 μm prealloyed tool steel powder versus sintering temperature, showing how supersolidus liquid-phase sintering acts over a narrow temperature range. Source: German et al. ( Ref 2 )
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Image
Sintering shrinkage data for 0.78 μm aluminum nitride powder sintered in ni...
Available to PurchasePublished: 30 April 2020
Fig. 8.10 Sintering shrinkage data for 0.78 μm aluminum nitride powder sintered in nitrogen at various time-temperature combinations. Initial shrinkage is fast, but with extended time, the shrinkage rate declines, and further lower temperatures reduce the shrinkage rate. Source: Komeya et al
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Image
Micrographs of tungsten during sintering. (a) Initial-stage sintering, with...
Available to PurchasePublished: 30 April 2020
Fig. 8.27 Micrographs of tungsten during sintering. (a) Initial-stage sintering, with considerable residual porosity and small bonds between the particles. (b) Intermediate-stage sintering, where the pores are rounded and highly connected. (c) and (d) Final-stage sintering, with residual pores
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Image
Sintering time and temperature maps showing the sintered density and delta ...
Available to Purchase
in Case Studies of Powder-Binder Processing Practices
> Binder and Polymer Assisted Powder Processing
Published: 30 April 2020
Fig. 10.13 Sintering time and temperature maps showing the sintered density and delta ferrite contents using gas-atomized powder. Source: Julien et al. ( Ref 3 )
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Image
Sintered density versus hold temperature for 60 min sintering in air or vac...
Available to Purchase
in Case Studies of Powder-Binder Processing Practices
> Binder and Polymer Assisted Powder Processing
Published: 30 April 2020
Fig. 10.37 Sintered density versus hold temperature for 60 min sintering in air or vacuum, showing an advantage to vacuum
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Image
Published: 01 August 1999
Fig. 6.19 (Part 1) Commercial sintered irons and steels. (a) to (d) As-sintered iron, <0.1 C (wt%). 60 HV. 6.50 g/cm 3 density. (a) Picral. 100×. (b) Picral 500×. (c) 1% nital. 100×. (d) 1% nital. 500×. (e) 0.3% C as-sintered steel (~0.3C wt%). 50 HV. 5.88 g/cm 3 density
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Image
Published: 01 August 1999
Fig. 6.19 (Part 2) Commercial sintered irons and steels. (a) to (d) As-sintered iron, C (wt%). 60 HV. 6.50 g/cm 3 density. (a) Picral. 100×. (b) Picral 500×. (c) 1% nital. 100×. (d) 1% nital. 500×. (e) 0.3% C as-sintered steel (~0.3C wt%). 50 HV. 5.88 g/cm 3 density. Picral
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Image
(a–d) Mechanical properties versus sintering temperature of vacuum-sintered...
Available to Purchase
in Mechanical Properties
> Powder Metallurgy Stainless Steels: Processing, Microstructures, and Properties
Published: 01 June 2007
Fig. 7.4 (a–d) Mechanical properties versus sintering temperature of vacuum-sintered 304L, with and without carbon addition. Source: Ref 9
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Image
Effect of sintered density on the fatigue strength of 316L sintered in 93% ...
Available to Purchase
in Mechanical Properties
> Powder Metallurgy Stainless Steels: Processing, Microstructures, and Properties
Published: 01 June 2007
Fig. 7.8 Effect of sintered density on the fatigue strength of 316L sintered in 93% H 2 + 7% N 2 atmosphere at 1290 °C (2354 °F). Sintered densities were 6.31 (dashed line) and 6.95 (solid line) g/cm 3 with a stress ratio R = 0.06 and test frequency at 30 Hz. Source: Ref 32 . Reprinted
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Image
Fatigue curves for vacuum-sintered 304L and 316L as a function of sintered ...
Available to Purchase
in Mechanical Properties
> Powder Metallurgy Stainless Steels: Processing, Microstructures, and Properties
Published: 01 June 2007
Fig. 7.9 Fatigue curves for vacuum-sintered 304L and 316L as a function of sintered density. Sintered densities of 304L and 316L were 6.51 and 6.54 g/cm 3 , respectively. Sintered densities of 304L9 and 316L9 were 6.90 and 6.89 g/cm 3 , respectively. Sintering temperature was 1288 °C (2350 °F
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Image
in Magnetic and Physical Properties
> Powder Metallurgy Stainless Steels: Processing, Microstructures, and Properties
Published: 01 June 2007
Fig. 8.5 Influence of sintered density on magnetic properties of sintered iron. B 20 , magnetic induction at H of 2000 A/m –1 (25.1 Oe); B r , remanence; H c , coercive field; μ max , maximum permeability. (One tesla, T = 10 –4 gauss). Source: Ref 5
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Image
Thermal conductivity of sintered 316L as a function of sintered density for...
Available to Purchase
in Magnetic and Physical Properties
> Powder Metallurgy Stainless Steels: Processing, Microstructures, and Properties
Published: 01 June 2007
Fig. 8.8 Thermal conductivity of sintered 316L as a function of sintered density for hydrogen (left) and 30% H 2 -70% N 2 sintering atmosphere (right). Broken lines represent pore-free 316L
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