Figure 5 A top down SEM image taken during the final stage of silicon removal. Silicon is removed from the bright region where structures are visible. More

Figure 2 Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of a typical single crystal silicon SPM probe. More

Fig. 1.11 Structure of a silicate glass consists of tetrahedra with silicon atoms in the centers and oxygen atoms on the corners. Source: Ref 1.2 More

FIG. 10.10 Cross-sectional view showing automotive engine pistons made of a high silicon alloy developed by Jeffries and Archer. Source: Wikimedia Commons/Mj-bird. More

Fig. 17.8 Stable iron-carbon phase diagram indicating the approximate effect of silicon additions on the diagram. Silicon decreases the carbon solubility in austenite (arrow 1), increases the eutectic temperature (arrow 2), and favors the precipitation of graphite (arrow 3). More

Fig. 1.43 Competitive growth of the microstructure constituents of the aluminum-silicon alloys as affected by growth rate. Source: Ref 1 More

Fig. 3.18 Microstructure of alloy AlSi11, sand mold, wall thickness 3 cm. (a–e) Silicon in the interdendritic eutectic, eutectic silicon lamellae. (f) Hypereutectic silicon precipitate, eutectic silicon lamellae. SEM, deep etch More

-silicate 35 SiO 2 , 7 K 2 O, 58 PbO 870–1090 4 Potassium-sodium-lead-silicate 63 SiO 2 , 8 Na 2 O, 6 K 2 O, 4 MgO, 21 PbO 1090–1430 5 Boron-silicate 70 SiO 2 , 1 PbO, 28 B 2 O 3 , 1 Al 2 O 3 1260–1730 6 Boron-silicate 81 SiO 2 , 4 Na 2 O, 13 B 2 O, 2 Al 2 O 3 1540–2100 7 Silicate More

Fig. 21.13 Coating sequence for space shuttle carbon-carbon parts. Carbon-carbon (C-C), silicon carbide (SiC), tetraethylortho-silicate (TEOS) More

Fig. 11.26 (a) Longitudinal cross section of a wire rod presenting an elongated silicate inclusion. Hot working was concluded at 900 °C (1650 °F). Not etched. SEM, BE. (b) EDS x-ray spectrum of the inclusion presented in (a). More

Fig. 11.27 (a) Longitudinal cross section of a wire rod presenting an elongated silicate inclusion. Hot working was concluded at 1000 °C (1830 °F). Not etched. SEM, BE. (b) EDS x-ray spectrum of the inclusion presented in (a). More

Figure 2-27 Example of inclusion retention in steels polished automatically as described in text. Top, oxides in as-cast (left) and wrought (right, silicates and sulfides) samples; 240 ×. Bottom, sulfides in as-cast (left) and wrought (right) free-machining steel samples; 120 ×. More

Fig. 3-14. Spiral bevel gear tooth, 3/4×. Macroetched to show a large inclusion, which is aluminum silicate from the wall of the steel-producing furnace. This inclusion was hard enough to break the gear tooth cutter edge, which then scored the rest of the tooth profile. More

Fig. 2.4 An example of wrought iron. The matrix is ferrite with very low C content. A large amount of silicate-based nonmetallic inclusions (the slag of the refining process) can be seen. The inclusions are elongated in the major working direction (see Chapter 11, “Hot Working,” in this book More

a sulfide particle in a silicate inclusion that appears to have a eutectic structure. Etchant: nil. 1000×. More

Fig. 5.21 (Part 2) (e) to (g) Resulfurized low-carbon steel. (e) Manganese sulfide inclusions. 100×. A, as-polished; B, treated by Whiteley method. (f) Manganese sulfide inclusions. Etched with thiosulfate/citric acid/lead acetate. (g) Manganese sulfide inclusion with silicate tail More

at the radius. 3% nital. 100×. (c) SAE 4150 steel as quenched and tempered; cracking initiates from silicate and sulfide inclusions. 2% nital. 100×. (d) SAE 4140 steel as quenched and tempered; microstructure is tempered martensite with cracking at inclusions. Unetched. 100×. More

Fig. 5.14 (Part 2) (d) Semikilled carbon-manganese steel. Testpiece (cut in short transverse direction) containing large elongated silicate inclusions. 8% reduction of area. Unetched. 500×. (e) Semikilled, aluminum-treated carbon steel. Testpiece (cut in short transverse direction More

with thiosulfate/citric acid/lead acetate. (g) Manganese sulfide inclusion with silicate tail. Unetched. 1500×. A, optical micrograph; B, EPMA—Fe scan; C, EPMA—Mn scan; D, EPMA—Si scan; E, EPMA—S scan; F, EPMA—O scan. More

of fracture surface. 2000×. (h) 0.15% C (0.14C-0.29SiO.31Mn-0.001Al, wt%). Arrow indicates a sulfide particle in a silicate inclusion that appears to have a eutectic structure. Etchant: nil. 1000×. More