Fig. 8.7 A block-mold analysis illustration. Longer feeding time and less shrinkage risk at the rim/spoke junction is predicted through block die solidification analysis More

Fig. 8.5 Pipe or shrinkage cavity in the top of an ingot. Longitudinal section. More

Fig. 8.44 Solidification shrinkage in ingots. Right, an ingot without hot topping. Solidification progresses uniformly along the walls of the mold and a large primary pipe and secondary pipe can be the result of the process. Insulating and/or exothermic materials in the hot top slow down its More

Fig. 9 Example of a shrinkage pore More

Fig. 10 Primary shrinkage cavity forming large voids of irregular shapes on the component surface. (a) Schematic drawing. (b) Shrinkage cavity compensated for riser More

Fig. 11 Schematic representation of the three regimens of shrinkage: in the liquid state, during solidification, and in the solid state. Source: Ref 14 More

Fig. 13 Primary and secondary shrinkage cavities More

Fig. 21 (a) Micrograph showing cracks connecting shrinkage pores (indicated by arrows) in the internal component of the sample. (b) Detail of the box in (a), where an inclusion is indicated by the arrow More

Fig. 8.10 Sintering shrinkage data for 0.78 μm aluminum nitride powder sintered in nitrogen at various time-temperature combinations. Initial shrinkage is fast, but with extended time, the shrinkage rate declines, and further lower temperatures reduce the shrinkage rate. Source: Komeya et al More

Fig. 8.11 Dilatometry data on the shrinkage versus temperature during heating for 4 μm Fe-2Ni powder, showing significant slowing for sintering after the phase transformation from alpha (body-centered cubic) to gamma (face-centered cubic) crystal structure More

Fig. 8.21 Early-stage sintering shrinkage for 45 nm UO 2 powder at 838 °C (1540 °F). The solid line represents a one-third power law relation between shrinkage and hold time. More

Fig. 8.25 Sintering shrinkage and density as a function of peak temperature (10 min hold) for 10 μm powder corresponding to the 17-4 PH composition More

Fig. 4 Development of shrinkage void in a casting. (a) Liquid. (b) Liquid + solid. (c) Liquid + solid. (d) Solid. Source: Ref 2 More

Fig. 9.15 Rounded tips of dendritic crystal branches exposed at shrinkage porosity in the equiaxed solidification zone of an as-cast billet of 4140 steel. SEM micrograph. Courtesy of E.J. Schultz. Source: Ref 9.47 More

Fig. 9.16 Another view of dendrite branch tips at shrinkage porosity in equiaxed solidification zone of an as-cast 4140 steel billet. SEM micrograph. Source: Ref 9.47 More

Fig. 5.6 Scanning electron macrograph of dendrites in the shrinkage region of a steel casting. Original magnification: 42×. Source: Ref 5.1 More

Fig. 11.4 Elm board warped because the shrinkage in the tangential direction is greater than in the radial direction (bottom). Splitting when a warped board is flattened (top). Source: Ref 11.1 More

Fig. 10.19 Dilatometry sintering shrinkage for 10 μm 17-4 PH stainless steel powder, including both heating and cooling, comparing the computer-simulated dimensional change with the experimentally measured behavior. Source: Kwon et al. ( Ref 12 ) More

Fig. 10.36 Data for surface area loss and sintering shrinkage during constant rate heating (5 °C/min, or 9 °F/min). If sintering were only by surface diffusion, then there would be no shrinkage while surface area is eliminated. On the other hand, grain-boundary diffusion leads to surface area More

Fig. 7 Band of shrinkage cavities and internal cracks in a 7075-T6 forging. The cracks developed from the cavities, which were produced during solidification of the ingot and which remained during forging because of inadequate cropping. Etched with Keller’s reagent. Original magnification 9 More