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Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ssde.t52310243
EISBN: 978-1-62708-286-0
... Abstract This chapter reviews the major marine applications of stainless steels, including the desalination equipment, shipping containers, and heat exchangers that handle seawater. stainless steels desalination equipment shipping containers heat exchangers Summary AS RECENTLY...
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.horfi.t51180127
EISBN: 978-1-62708-256-3
... for the material? What is the probability of detection (POD) of the inspection procedure? A POD provides an indication as to how often the inspection procedure will find the defect level specified. The POD indicates how much hardware is being shipped that may not meet the defect level and could fail later. Most...
Abstract
This chapter describes some common pitfalls encountered in failure investigations and provides guidance to help engineers recognize processes and “quick fixes” that companies often try to substitute for failure analysis. It discusses three important skills and characteristics that a professional engineer must improve to conduct an effective and successful failure investigation, namely technical skills, communication skills, and technical integrity. The chapter also provides information on the additional basic tools available for failure investigation and root cause determination: the Kepner-Tregoe structured problem-solving method, PROACT software for root cause analysis developed by the Reliability Center, Inc., and other processes and methods developed by the Failsafe Network, Inc., and Shainin LLC.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.pnfn.t65900193
EISBN: 978-1-62708-350-8
... to see how the furnace is dismantled. Photographically document the critical assembly areas using a camera or video recorder. Project training can then be broken down into: What type of crating or container will be used? After loading is complete, a visual inspection should be carried out...
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 April 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.tpsfwea.t59300163
EISBN: 978-1-62708-323-2
... such as oxides which are the stable forms in nature. Most copper today comes from rocks that contain maybe only 5% copper, but copper did exist in mass form intertwined with rocks. Early mining in the United States involved smashing rock intertwined with metallic copper and picking out the metallic portion. Some...
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 October 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.faesmch.t51270053
EISBN: 978-1-62708-301-0
... hired the services of a consulting firm, which presented a report stating that it was its opinion that at the time of the accident, the headlight of the motorcycle was not switched on and hence the motorcyclist was at fault. The report of the consulting firm in this case contained only photographs...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the role of failure analysis in cases involving product liability, property damage, and personal injury litigation. It also explains how material science and technology shed light on criminal activities such as smuggling, counterfeiting, theft, and the willful destruction of property.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2012
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ffub.t53610001
EISBN: 978-1-62708-303-4
... of that component or equipment. Historic failures and their impact on life-assessment concerns Table 1 Historic failures and their impact on life-assessment concerns Failure Year Reason for failure Life-assessment developments Titanic 1912 Ship hits iceberg and watertight compartments...
Abstract
This chapter provides a brief review of industry’s battle with fatigue and fracture and what has been learned about the underlying failure mechanisms and their effect on product lifetime and service. It recounts some of the tragic events that led to the discovery of fatigue and brittle fracture and explains how they reshaped design philosophies, procedures, and tools. It also discusses the influence of material and manufacturing defects, operating conditions, stress concentration and intensity, temperature and pressure, and cyclic loading, all of which play a role in the onset of fatigue cracking and thus should be considered when predicting useful product life.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 November 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.uhcf3.t53630081
EISBN: 978-1-62708-270-9
... that softer, weaker metals usually exhibit ductile behavior. Gray cast iron is an exception. This metal is brittle because it contains a very large number of internal graphite flakes, which act as internal stress concentrations and limit the ability of the metal to flow or deform, which is necessary...
Abstract
A brittle fracture occurs at stresses below the material's yield strength (i.e., in the elastic range of the stress-strain diagram). This chapter focuses on brittle fracture in metals and, more specifically, ferrous alloys. It lists the factors that must all be present simultaneously in order to cause brittle fracture in a normally ductile steel. The chapter then discusses the macroscale characteristics and microstructural aspects of brittle fracture. A summary of the types of embrittlement experienced by ferrous alloys is presented. The chapter concludes with a brief section providing information on mixed fracture morphology.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 July 2009
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.bcp.t52230007
EISBN: 978-1-62708-298-3
... in 1898 [ Lebeau 1898 , 1899 ]. Lebeau selected an electrolyte containing the double salts 2NaF · BeF 2 and NaF · BeF 2 . The electrolyte was contained in a nickel crucible that also served as the cathode. A carbon plate or rod was used as the anode. After melting by means of a Bunsen burner...
Abstract
This chapter describes some of events and developments that helped drive the commercialization of beryllium and its acceptance as an engineering material. It traces the growth of the domestic beryllium industry from its origins in the 1920s to the present time, and provides a status update on the primary beryllium producers throughout the world.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ahsssta.t53700159
EISBN: 978-1-62708-279-2
..., which is an important market for AHSS, other industries and potential applications include ship building, aircraft, appliances, and civil and military structures. In this book, the focus is on the automotive applications of AHSS. The automotive industry is benefiting from the unique properties of AHSS...
Abstract
This chapter reviews the nomenclature of different vehicle components helpful in identifying the target applications and discusses the implementation of advanced high-strength steels (AHSS) in automotive and nonautomotive industries. In addition, the chapter provides information on the utilization and trends of AHSS in vehicle bodies and closures.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ex2.t69980009
EISBN: 978-1-62708-342-3
..., strip, and solid sections as well as tubes and hollow sections. The high mean compressive stresses in the deformation zone of the container enable materials to be worked that cannot be processed into semifinished products by other hot-working processes, for example rolling, because of their limited...
Abstract
The hot-working process extrusion is used to produce semifinished products in the form of bar, strip, and solid sections, as well as tubes and hollow sections. The first part of this chapter describes the composition, properties, and applications of tin and lead extruded products with a deformation temperature range of 0 to 300 deg C and magnesium and aluminum extruded products with a working temperature range of 300 to 600 deg C. The second part focuses on copper alloy extruded products, extruded titanium alloy products, and extruded products in iron alloys with a working temperature range of 600 to 1300 deg C.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.horfi.t51180091
EISBN: 978-1-62708-256-3
... “unsinkable.” Imagine that you are the chief engineer and designer of the Titanic , aboard to provide any technical expertise the captain may require. As the technical expert you know that the Titanic is operating in shipping lanes known to have icebergs and that April is one of the worst months...
Abstract
This chapter describes the nine steps of a failure investigation. The steps add detail to the problem-solving process introduced in Chapter 3. The first five steps are (1) understanding and negotiating the investigation goals, (2) obtaining an understanding of the failure, (3) objectively and clearly identifying all possible root causes, (4) evaluating the likelihood of each root cause, and (5) converging on the most likely root cause(s). Many failure investigations stop at this point, but significant value is provided in the next four steps, which are (6) identifying all possible corrective actions, (7) evaluating each corrective action, (8) selecting the optimal corrective action(s), and (9) evaluating the effectiveness of each corrective action. Each step is discussed in detail with examples along with information on the procedures to be followed and resources needed for the investigation.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cub.t66910193
EISBN: 978-1-62708-250-1
... of the corrosive environment, the corrosion characteristics of various metals and materials systems, and the subsequent corrosion response. It should be noted that the corrosion literature contains a wealth of laboratory and service data on material/environmental combinations. In addition, ASM International...
Abstract
Corrosive environments can be broadly classified as atmospheric, underground/soil, water, acidic, alkaline, and combinations of these. Complicating matters is the fact that there are important variables, for example, pH, temperature, and the presence of biological organisms, that can significantly alter the response of the material in a given environment. This chapter provides a detailed account of all these types of corrosion affecting various industries, pointing out the connection between the characteristics of the corrosive environment that control corrosion behavior, the corrosion characteristics of various metals and materials systems, and the subsequent corrosion response.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2010
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.hss.t52790001
EISBN: 978-1-62708-356-0
... of the various metallic elements that are used in the various alloys of stainless steel and discusses numerous experiments conducted during the 19th century with iron-base alloys containing chromium and carbon. Thum’s classic work eventually had almost everyone in the industry calling all of these high...
Abstract
This chapter presents the history of stainless steel and provides an overview of the key concepts discussed in this book. This book covers a broad spectrum of historical events, many of which have not been touched upon in other works on stainless steel. It includes the discoveries of the various metallic elements that are used in the various alloys of stainless steel and discusses numerous experiments conducted during the 19th century with iron-base alloys containing chromium and carbon.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cub.t66910407
EISBN: 978-1-62708-250-1
... in concrete). The method has been used for more than 175 years and is applicable to virtually all metals, although it is primarily used for steel. Common applications include protection from soil corrosion (e.g., underground pipelines) and marine corrosion (pipelines, ship hulls, and offshore drilling...
Abstract
This article describes in detail the process of corrosion control by cathodic and anodic protection. The discussion covers the basic concept of cathodic and anodic protection systems, their types and equipment used, and the advantages, limitations, and applications of these protection systems. The types of cathodic protection systems include sacrificial cathodic protection and impressed-current cathodic protection systems. Some of the technical problems associated with cathodic protection include the effects of stray currents on the corrosion of adjacent metal structures, the effects of the chemical reactions occurring at the surface of the protected structure, and the effects of cathodic protection on coatings.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cpi2.t55030023
EISBN: 978-1-62708-282-2
... several wells are being protected using a centrally located rectifier and ground bed, the path of lowest resistance is usually to the nearest well, down the well casing until a low-resistant formation containing salt water is encountered. The current then travels through the salt-water formation...
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 May 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.hma.t59250013
EISBN: 978-1-62708-287-7
...,” ( Ref 1 ). These plantations (up to 30,000 acres) usually contained a large mansion for the owner that was surrounded by houses for 60–80 workers and their families. The greatest activity was cutting wood and making charcoal because the blast furnace consumed the harvest from an acre of land on a daily...
Abstract
This chapter is a chronological account of the development of ironmaking in colonial America from 1645 to 1870. The discussion covers the spread of ironmaking in many of the colonies in the northeast, canal building in Pennsylvania, the replacement of charcoal by anthracite coal in ironmaking, the life of ironmaking pioneer John Fritz, and the rapid increase in ironmaking for the railroads.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mfadr7.t91110603
EISBN: 978-1-62708-247-1
.... Detection is an important step to determine the risk of a part or part lot being counterfeit. The evaluation methodology begins with steps that can be implemented at the receiving department. The steps can include a thorough evaluation of shipping packages, inspection of humidity indicator cards, ESD bags...
Abstract
Most of the counterfeit parts detected in the electronics industry are either novel or surplus parts or salvaged scrap parts. This article begins by discussing the type of parts used to create counterfeits. It discusses the three most commonly used methods used by counterfeiters to create counterfeits. These include relabeling, refurbishing, and repackaging. The article presents a systematic inspection methodology that can be applied for detecting signs of possible part modifications. The methodology consists of external visual inspection, marking permanency tests, and X-ray inspection followed by material evaluation and characterization. These processes are typically followed by evaluation of the packages to identify defects, degradations, and failure mechanisms that are caused by the processes (e.g., cleaning, solder dipping of leads, reballing) used in creating counterfeit parts.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2012
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ffub.t53610303
EISBN: 978-1-62708-303-4
... of j is between 3 (many civil engineering structures) and 1.5 (aircraft). It is emphasized that P s is the highest service load. If the service load varies, the load may well be much less than P s most of the time. For example, the loads on cranes, bridges, off-shore structures, ships...
Abstract
Fracture control can be defined as a concerted effort to maintain operating safety without catastrophic failure by fracture. It requires an understanding of how cracks affect structural integrity and strength and the time that a crack can grow before it exceeds permissible size. The chapter describes some of methods used to determine maximum permissible crack size and predict growth rates. It explains how the information can then be used to control fractures through periodic inspection, fail-safe features, mandated retirement, and proof testing. It presents a number of fracture control plans optimized for different circumstances, examines the damage tolerance requirements used by different industries, and discusses various approaches for fatigue design.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 November 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.uhcf3.t53630001
EISBN: 978-1-62708-270-9
... years have resulted in a reduction of internal qualification testing for materials and processes certification. The testing has been delegated to the industrial supplier base, which results in the industrial database becoming pieces of paper that contain very little actual, or useful, technical...
Abstract
Failure analysis is a systematic investigative procedure using the scientific method to identify the causes of a failure. This chapter begins by exploring what failure analysis is followed by a section describing the sequence of stages in the investigation and analysis of failure and the three principles that must be carefully followed during the analysis. It then provides information on the normal location of fracture and concludes with a list of questions to ask about fractures.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1995
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.sch6.t68200007
EISBN: 978-1-62708-354-6
... by 4 ft (0.9 by 1.2 m) Intermodal cars allow railroads to transport truck or shipboard containers and lower the cost of freight shipments. One innovative design of intermodal stack car uses an articulated coupler. The articulated platform car (spine car) is made up of five separate platforms...
Abstract
Steel castings are produced in thousands of designs for different applications. They fill needs in many industries, including transportation, construction machinery, earthmoving equipment, rolling mills, mining, oil and gas exploration, and power generation. This chapter touches upon the variety of applications for which steel castings can be supplied and the ranges of casting size and complexity. Photographs in this chapter provide an understanding of these applications, their size and complexity, and the types of cast steels produced.