Fig. 2.38 A dual-phase sheet steel (0.11% C, 1.4% Mn, 0.58% Si, 0.12% Cr, and 0.08% Mo) showing small regions of retained austenite (see arrows indicating white areas) and martensite (dark etching constituent) in a matrix of ferrite. 12% aqueous sodium metabisulfite etch. 1000× More

Fig. 19 Micrographs of ferrite grains in low-carbon sheet steel. From top to bottom, average grain size is coarse (ASTM No. 5), medium (ASTM No. 7), and fine (ASTM No. 9). All specimens polished and then etched with Nital. Image magnification is 100×. Arrows indicate the rolling direction. More

Fig. 8 A low-carbon sheet steel in the (a) as cold rolled unannealed condition, (b) partially recrystallized annealed condition, and (c) fully recrystallized annealed condition. Marshall’s etchant, original magnification: 1000× More

Fig. 6 Ferrite grains and grain boundaries in a low-carbon ferritic sheet steel etched with 2% nital. 300× More

Fig. 2.26 Micrographs of ferrite grains in low-carbon sheet steel. From top to bottom, average grain size is coarse (ASTM No. 5), medium (ASTM No. 7), and fine (ASTM No. 9). All specimens polished and then etched with Nital. Image magnification is 100×. Arrows indicate the rolling direction. More

Figure 3-3 Etching of sheet steel with nital, Marshall’s reagent, and nital produced a stained surface (left) which was removed (right) by ultrasonic cleaning in 3% aqueous EDTA followed by water rinse, alcohol rinse, and drying (110 ×). (Courtesy of A. O. Benscoter, Bethlehem Steel Corp.) More

Figure 3-14 Dislocation etch pits in an Fe- Si alloy electrical sheet steel. Sample was chemically polished, etched in 1% nital for 1 min, and then etched in Vi% nital for 5 min (750×). More

Figure 3-36 The microstructure of AISI 1008 sheet steel revealed with 4% picral (left) and 2% nital (right), 300×. More

Figure 3-42 Microstructure of dual-phase low-carbon sheet steel with low (top) and high (bottom) martensite contents etched with Le Pera’s reagent (left) and 20% Na 2 S 2 O 5 (right), 500×. (From Marder and Benscoter, Ref. 93, courtesy of Elsevier Science Publishing Co., Inc.) More

Figure 3-45 Prior-austenite grain boundaries in a martensitic low-carbon sheet steel revealed by etching with Marshall’s reagent, 15 s, 150×. (Courtesy of A. O. Benscoter, Bethlehem Steel Corp.) More

Fig. 3.11 Microstructure of a cold-rolled, low-carbon steel sheet. Cold-worked (a) 30%, (b) 50%, (c) 70%, and (d) 90%. Marshall’s etch. 500× More

Fig. 3.16 Microstructure of cold-rolled, interstitial-free steel sheet that has been annealed for 1 min at (a) 649 °C (1200 °F), (b) 676 °C (1250 °F), (c) 704 °C (1300 °F), and (d) 732 °C (1350 °F). Marshall’s etch. 400× More

Fig. 4.7 Micrograph of a steel sheet with (a) type 1 and (b) type 2 aluminized coating. 2% nital etch. 1000× More

Fig. 12.11 Low carbon steel sheet C = 0.06%, Mn = 0.55%, after cold working, in the work hardened state, prior to annealing. Very elongated grains of ferrite and cementite. Hardness: 95 HRB. More

Fig. 12.25 Annealed sheet of steel (C = 0.05%, Mn = 0.30%). Polygonal ferritic grains and coarse cementite in fragmented aligned pieces. Ferrite grain size = 11.0 ASTM. Etchant: nital 2%. More

Fig. 12.26 Sheet of low carbon steel (C = 0.046%, Mn = 0.3%) cold worked and partially recrystallized (recrystallized fraction approx. 10%). Etchant: nital 2%. More

Fig. 12.27 Sheet of low carbon steel (C = 0.048%, Mn = 0.32%) cold worked and partially recrystallized (recrystallized fraction approx. 50%). Etchant: nital 2%. More

Fig. 12.28 Sheet of low carbon steel (C = 0.065%, Mn = 0.3%) cold worked and partially recrystallized (recrystallized fraction approx. 70%). Fine globular cementite aligned in the matrix. Etchant: nital 2%. More

Fig. 12.29 Sheet of low carbon steel (C = 0.044%, Mn = 0.28%) cold worked and partially recrystallized (recrystallized fraction approx. 95%). Polygonal ferrite grains with lamellar cementite precipitated on grain boundaries. Some aligned cementite is still present. Ferrite grain size: 12.0 More